* UMASS AMHERST illlllii!iilif'll!l[!l|[!l'lli|llillll!!|liil!'llfPI 312Dbh D5bD SE51 D k ■ FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITO AVIH D Q D a a D a a a a a D D D D D D D D D o D D a H°°°'=^^oaaaaanaoaoaaoaaaonoaoaaaa a a a a a a a D a a a D a a a D D D D D D D D D D D D D D "tih^* UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY f^LS^^^-avs ^HCHtVES /w 00 °°°^oaaaaaaaDaaDaaaaaaaaa oaaaaaa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a D a D D D D D n D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D a D D D D D D O D I JJBRARY " UNiVECToF massachusett TUK NEW ENGLAND FARMER, CONTAINING ESSAYS, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED, REL.\TING TO AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY, WITH ENGRAVING?, AND THE PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN. •^©a, 2, BOSTON, PUBLISHED BY THOMAS W. SHEPARD, ROGERS' BUILDINGS, CONGRESS STREET. 1823. isa^/ 2,3, INDEX TO VOL. I. A. his remarks on the difference between domestic and imported wool 396. A. B. his remarks ou the manufacture of butter 364. Abbot, Rev. Abiel, his observations on fruit trees 141. Accounts, farmers' should be regularly kept 157. Adams, late President of the United States, notice of his donation to the town of Quincy 40, 318. Adams George, his mode of raising cabbages 363. Addoms John T. his communication respecting the dis- eases of sheep 205. Address, to the Society of Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers 89, 162 — to the Fredericksburgh Ag- ricultural Society 164 — to the Worcester do. 180— to the Ontario do. 194 — to the Massachusetts do. 217 — to the Maine do. 236 — to the Essex do. 244 — to the Cheshire do. 284. Agrestia, his remarks on making butter, cheese, &c. 32-J. Agricola, quotations from his Letters 45, 91, 92, 139, 218— his Report delivered before the Provincial So- ciety of N. Scotia 337 — on cultivating R uta Bag-a 38S. Agricultural College, considerations on the necessity of establishing 41, 49, 57, 65. — Experiments, report of by a committee of the Mass. Agricultural Society 178. — Professorship founded in Virginia 147. — Societies, Washington's opinion of 78 — Peter Plough- jogger's remarks on their utility 285. — Society of Massachusetts, premiums of 25, 97, 273 — Officers of 375 — of Essex, report of their committee on the management of farms 282 — premiums offered by 239 — of Worcester, premiums offered by 52. Agriculture, importance of as a science 14 — an eligible employment for young men 108 — connected with commerce and manufactures ib. — report of a com- mittee of, appointed by the legislature of New York 210 — remarks on 308. Allen, Rev. Wilkes, extracts from his Address 162. Alum, manufactured in Salem 363. Analysis of soils, modes of, 91, 403. Apple-trees, destroyed when young by tearing off all their top branches in grafting 61 — grafted on syca- more trees 387. See Fruit Trees. Arator, his query concerning cattle sheds 347. Archimedes' workshop, communication concerning 306. Arrangement of agricultural labor 181. Artichoke, Jerusalem, its cultivation recommended 40], 402, 406. Asparagus beds, how to be managed, &:c. 293. Aurora Borealis, remarks on 288, 296. B. Bacon, skippers in, destroyed by elder juice 3— pre- vented by ri-d pepper 37— preserved in oats 227— preserved in charcoal 275. See further receipts. Balsam of Peru, a remedy for mortification 342. Barker, John B. Esq. his song on a farmer's life 200. Barley, C3 1-2 bushels of, raised on an acre, by Joseph Watson Jr. 259. Barns, the situation and cpnstrvtction of 353, 3G1, 369. Barn-yards & stercoraries, Mr. Quincy's remarks on 29. Bartlett Mr. an account of his premium farm 314. Barton Mr. on gathering and cleaning clover seed 202. Beaca grass, its utility 104 — further notice of 120. Beans, Heligoland, less valuable and curious than has been supposed 294. Bed bugs, how destroyed 66. Bed bug society, notice of 3.52. Bee Miller, how destroyed 67. Beef, how cured in summer 37. Beeliives, improved construction of 331, 396. Beer, how to refine and clarify 12 — made with hemlock instead of spruce 393. See receipts. Bees, proposed to keep them in an ice-house 5 — to pre- vent their being destroyed by worms 108 — honey, how taken from, in Germany 322. See Bee-hires. Beets, large ones, notice of 128 — how cultivated 293 — battle of 144. Berkshire, bis observations on preserving bacon by charcoal 275 — on sowing spring wheat, and preserv- atives against smut 275. Berrj', Ebene/pr, his statement respecting the advan- tages of deep ploughing 340. Birds, should be protected against gunners 59. Bonnet, a splendid, manufactured by Mrs. Wells 80 — one sold at Biighton for eighty dollars 95. Book-farming, remarks on 14, 15. Boozy, Ichabod, his wet tax 336. Botts in horses, remarks on 388. B. P. his communications relative to taking honey from hives 331, 396. Brandy, peach, how made by the French 20. Bread, various modes of making 4 — of potatoes 20 — improvements in 176 — food for horses 393. Breeds of cattle, notice of 173. See further " Catth Brewing, notices of 322. Brown, Dr. J. B. his observations on the diseases of animals 45. Buel Jesse, Esq. on the cultivation of turnips and ruta baga 106, 131, 246- on millet 106— on the applica- tion of stable manure 370, Bugs, how destroyed 3. See further receipts. Buildings, costly, should not be erected in commencing farming 12. Bull-baiting, a cruel instance of 152, Bulls ought to be made to work 28, Burnham, Mr. Daniel, notice of his new sort of Indian corn 265. Burning clay for manure 210 — burning sod 316. Burrall Thomas D, Esq. his address to the Ontario Ag- ricultural Society 194, Burying ground, national, remarks on 206. Burying dead in populous cities condemned 323, 394. Bushes, on the best mode of killing 306. Butter, how made 12 — to take a rancid taste from 12 — to make from scalded cream 12, 159 — receipt for curing 12 — salt, how made fresh 66 — how best made in cold weather 108 — method of making good from cows fed on turnips 123 — great quantities of madi by John M.Graham 149 — Mr. Pickering's remark" on 220 — general directions for making 324, 364, 3.'J1. C. his communication on the properties of an unit 18!*. Cabbages, on the cultivation of 293, 349— great crops of 363. Calendar, farmers', indicated by the budding of tree?. &c. 21, 22. Calves, best mode of feeding and raising 122, 324. Canada thistles, how destroyed 30, 280, 398. Canal from Worcester to Providence 186. Candles with wooden wicks, notice of 30. Capital, necessary for a farmer 29. Carrot, on the cultivation of 265, 293. Cashmere Goat, and its importation into France, re- marks on 108. Catarrh in cattle, remedy for 177. Caterpillars that destroy grass. Dr. Harris's description of, and remedy against 238, 305 — description of Col. Pickering's brush for destroying 308 — other modes ol destroying 362, 371, 379. Cattle, breeds of much improved since 1700, 1 — mode of fattening 12, 133— improvement of 134, 156— how to distinguish those which are inclined to fatten 162 —diseases of 169, 177, 185, 193, 201, 209, 225, 233. 249, 257 — large ones in Germany 19 — swollen oi hoven, remedy for 46 — weight of, how ascertained by measurement 68 — breeding of 67 — best shape for 109 — different kinds 204 — remarks on 213, 228 — large, owned by Mr. Rice 251 — Mr. Wilkinson's re- marks on 252, 260, 268— breeding in and in to too great an extent not advisable 270 — fine, belonging to Mr. Monmouth Purdy271 — North Devon, their prices in England 299 — to remove vermin from 307 — on making veri/ fat 313 — proper age for fattening ib. — best food for fattening ib. — Col. Jaques' breed, notice of 350 — breeds of remarked on by Curweu 362. Cattle Sheds, query concerning 347. Cattle Shows— at Worcester 43, 71, 74 ; at Brighton 66, 86, 97 ; at Amherst, N. H. 79 ; at Concord 81 ; at Windsor, Vt. 83 ; at Burlington, Vt. 83 ; at Paw- tuxet, R. I. 101 i at Exeter, N. H. 101 ; at Middle- bury, Vt. 101 ; at Acworth, N. H. 92 ; at Pittsfield 93 ; at Plymouth 94 ; at Hartford, Ct. 94 ; at Wind- ham, Ct. 109; at Northampton 114; atGranby, Ct. 115; at New York 130; at Virginia 154. Cattle stalls. Col. Pickering's remarks on their incon- veniences 108. Cement for water cisterns 204. Charcoal, pulverized, a cure for dysentery 37 — polish- ing powder from 356. Chemistry of use in farming 149. Cholera Morbus, cure for 29. Church Dr. his Printing Press, notice of 355. Churches, how secured from fire 179. Chum-dasher, improvement in 12. Cider, bottled, how kept from bursting 37 — an essay on 76 — fixed air should be retained in 149 — vessels for the best are hogsheads made of oak and iron bound 155 — -Col. Pickering's remarks on 220 — mode of mak- ing adopted by the religious society called Shakers IV Cider-brandy, how mixed with cider, to make cider wine 37. Cider-oil, or more properly, cider royal, how made 227, Cisterns, on the construction of 204. [254. Clearing of land, best modes of 129, 172. Clothes of females, when they have taken fire, how extinguished 142, 282. Clover hay should be salted at the rate of one peck for a ton 12. Clover seed, on g-athcring and cleaning 202. Clover, while, on saving the seed of 395. Coal discovered near Detroit 360. Cobs of Indian corn, said to be valuable as food for cattle 228. Cock-chaffer, a destructive insect, notices of 102, 112, 118, 128. Colic in cattle 201. Columella, his remarks on educating plough boys 170. Combustion, spontaneous, instances of 53, 143, 168. Composts, directions for making 321. Consumption, caused by carelessness in clothing 283. Cookery, country, general cautions respecting 369. Cooking food for cattle 22, 30, 38. Cooper Thomas, M. U. his axioms in husbandry 66. Copperas, Vermont, Dr. Locke's description of 326. Corn, sweet, notices of 3, 48. See Indian Com. Cosmetic, superior, for ladies 3. Cotton, cultivation of in New York and New Jersey 62 — on Long Island 216. Cow, marks of a good one 21— in her prime at five years old 21. Cows, warm water for in winter recommended 108 — when fed with cabbages the decayed leaves should be taken off 148 — should not be exhausted by too much milking 157 — those which give the greatest quantity of thin milk most proper for suckling calves 157 — difference of milk in ib. — on the management of when near calving 233. Coxe, Wm. his mode of managing a millet crop 299. Cream, method of preserving 37. Crickets, how destroyed 28. Crops, of potatoes, mangel wurtzel, &c. much greater now than thirty years ago 1 — fallow, Mr. Pickering's remarks on 36. Croup, a remccly for 72. Crowninshield Richard, Esq. his remarks on cultivating Woad 387. Cucumber, on cultivating 302, 363. Currants, how propagated 310. Curwen, his remarks on breeds of cattle 362. Cutlery, American, in Pittsburgh, notice of 163. D. Dairy, a remarkable one, near Baltimore 251. Dana, Professor J. F. his remarks on bleaching flax 62 — his account of a disease in neat cattle in Burton, N. H. 105 — notice of his lectures 254. Dana Samuel, Esq. his communication respecting straw for Leghorn hats 212. Dandelions, medical uses of 331. Davis Gideon, notice of his substratum plough 366. Davis Lemuel, his statement relative to raising Indian corn 8, 342. Deane's edition of New F.ngland Farmer, notice of 8. Dentifrice of alum and sage, from Markham's English Housewife 148. Diamonds obtained from charcoal 37 1 . Diarrhoea in cattle 209. Ditching, may be begun in winter 171. Divining rods, remarks on 67. Dogs, distemper in, cure for 73 — the labor thCy per- form in Holland 320. Dog-star and dog-days, origin of those terms 24. Draining lands, Mr. Elkingtnn's mode of 409. Dress, or clothing, useful remarks orf 250 — females' on fire, how managed 142, 282. Drilling .Match in Nova Scotia, account of 412. Drought in the southern states, notice of 40. Drowned persons, directions for recovering 163. Dry rot in timber, cause of, and how prevented 340. Dung too much rotted of no value 393. Hee Manure. E. Eaton Peter, D. D. his address to the Essex Agricultu- ral Society 244. Elder, virtues and uses of 3, 113. juice, kills skippers in bacou, &c. 3, 46. CONTENTS. Embankments, dikes, ic. how constructed for reclaim- ing land from the sea 241. Experimental farms, utility of 154. F. F. his remarks on preparing wool for market 388. Fall fevers, garlic said to preserve against 335. Farmer, on the capital necessary for 13 — signs of a good one 133. Farmer A, his communication recommending the New England Farmer 47 — on a worm that destroys grass 47, 77 — on the best mode of constructing gates 129 — on destroying thirties 280 — on securing potatoes in autumn 354 — on feeding swine with brakes 378. — a Pennsylvania, on farmers who do not work it right ] 17. — a Roxbury, his notice of the products of the season 2, 80, 343. — a young. Sec. on earlv cutting grain, plaster of Pa- ris, &c. 94. Farming societies recommended 219. Farwell, Mr. A. his remarks on making manure from swine 282. Fastening for doors and window shutters 358. Fences should be attended too early in the sprin? 286. Fessenden Thomas G. his address to the Middlesex Society of Husbandmen and Manufacturers 89. i Fever, inflammatory, in cattle 169. Fish, directions for curing 184. Fish oil, or vegetable oil, purified by tan 142. Fiske, Dr. his notice of an excellent breed of swine 107, on attention to the selection of seed 222. \ Flax, remarks on the preparation of, in a letterlfrom S. W. Pomevoy, Esq. to Gov. VVolcott 50— Professor Dana's remarks on bleaching of 62 — machine for dressing 54, 322 — dressed so as to resemble silk 830. Food, plain & good, with little meat, how made 20, 21. Forest trees, observations on 305, 329. Founder in horses, cure for 19. , Fruit, matured by painting walls black 108. ' — trees, a Norfolk Gardener's remarks on 84 — mode of engrafting 121 — observations on, by Rev. Abiel Abbot 141 — by Mr. Abner Landrum 145 — on pro- moting the growth of 170 — to prevent the premature decay of 187 — on pruning 278, 309 — best time and manner of planting 301 — should be pruned in the spring when the buds begin to swell 309 — should be secured against cattle 317 — quere relative to cutting off the fibres in planting 318 — Marshall's directions concerning planting 318 — how protected from frost 322 — how produced by planting cions 331. Fuller's earth, discovered on North River 166 — des cription and uses of 166. G. Gardiner Lyceum, a seminary for the education of me- chanics, notice of 124. Garlic, said to be an antidote to fall fevers 335. Garnet, Mr. his address to the Fredericksburgh Agri- cultural Society 164. Gas, how obtained from oil 118. Gate, on the best mode of constructing 129. German, a, his remarks on taking honey from bees in Germany 322. Gestation, period of in different animals 138. Glass, easy mode of breaking in any direction 131. Gold, on the great ductility of 234 — mine discovered in North Carolina 383. Goodsell's flax machine, recommendations of 339. Gorham, Dr. his analysis of Indian corn 366. Grain, should be cut early 94 — on preserving and im- proving the quality of 297. Grain-sick, a disease in cattle 249. Grapes, mode of propagating 294. Grass, on laying down land to 158. — land, on sowing 278. Grasses, experiments on the evaporation of 235. Gravel, said to be cured by the wild carrot 368. Green crops, on turning in, Mr. Pomeroy's remarks on 9— Mr. Pickering's do. 221. Green-gage, a plum, notice of 19. H. Hale, Hon. S. his address delivered before the Cheshire Agricultural Society 284. Harris, Dr. T. W. his description of and remedy against the caterpillar which destroys grass in salt meadows 238,385. Harris, Rev. T. M. his remarks on destroying insects by lights burning 379. Haslam .lohn, veterinary surgeon, his remarks respect- ing bots in horses 388. Hats, premium, notice of 103— made of spear grass 150. Hay, should be cut or chaffed for feeding cattle 12 should be salted 12, 399— taken off a cart or waggon by hooks 378. Hay-making, observations on 373. Head aches and apoplexy attributed to wearing too tight cravats 366. Hemp, quantity of necessary to fit out a man of war 24. Herdsman, his plan for a cow-house 379. Hessian Fly, Professor Green's remarks on 113 — feed- ing wheat with sheep supposed to be remedy against 347, 351— remarks on 351, 355, 410. H. H. D. a writer with that signature 125. Hoeing corn and garden vegetables, remarks on 389. Honey, description of a mode of taking 347. Honor, modern, ridiculed 147. Hoof-ail in cattle, remarks on and remedies for 225. Hops, on the cultivation of 73, 395. Horn distemper, in cattle, its symptoms & remedy 257. Horse, on the points of 33 — hoofs of described 33— cure of a broken winded 35 — diseases of 45 — power of 148. Horse-rake, description of 389, 398. Horses, how saved from barns on fire 123 — English turf, not a useful breed in the United States 267. Horse shoes, patent, made in two pieces 149. Horse shoeing, new system of 199. Hoven or blown, a disease in cattle, symptoms and remedy 193. Howe Timothy, notice of his threshing machine 363. Hull, Gen. his mode of cultivating carrots and ruta baga 265. Husbandry, axioms in 66, 113. Hydraulics, description of tools used in boring for wa- ter 360. Hydrophobia, fatal instances of 19, 151. I. Ice, how it may be kept in a common cellar 114. Implements in agriculture, new and improved, remarks on 198,205. Indian corn, Mr. Davis' mode of planting 8 — Col. Pick- ering's remarks on 36 — a second crop of 88— boiling it for hogs recommended 108 — how raised by Thom- as Shepiicrd, Esq. 116 — great crops of raised by J. & M. Pratt 117- Col. Valentine's cultivation of 178— too costly food for fatting cattle on 234 — new kind o 265 — Gen. Hull's mode of cultivating 265 — success ful culture of by .John Lees 332 — by Henry Littli 332 — how planted, &c. 341 — remarks on its cultiva tion 341, 342, 365 — on the various modes of prepar ing and using it 348 — how raised for fodder 366— quere whether best to take off the suckers 8, 390— hilling of should not be delayed till haying 397. Indicator, his observations relative to the time of put ting seeds into the ground, to be learned by tin growth of asparagus, &c. 21. Indigo plant, wild, notice of 32. Inflammation in the stomach of cattle 185 — of the live of do. ib. — of the kidneys of do. ib. Insects, remedies against 46, 293, 294 — those whicl destroy fruit trees, remarks on 317 — destroyed b; soap suds 333 — cabbage plants should be guardec against, and how 350 — vines, &c. guarded agains by boxes, &c. 377 — those which destroy Indian con in the field, antidotes against 371,377,378 — destroyei by flying at a light 376. Instinct, animals, remarkable instance of 376. Irrigating lands, remarks on 113, 317. Janes, Mr. his speech in New York legislature on thi bill for repealing the law for the improvement of ag riculture 298. Jaques, Col. notice of his breed of cattle 302, 350. Jaundice in cattle, symptoms and remedy 201. Joint oil, loss of in cattle 257. K. Kenrick John Esq. his remarks on the best time fo felling timber 223, 229, 234. Knight, Mr. A. Adams, report on his crop of osious 178 Knight, Thomas Andrew, ou mildew 414. L. \cc-loom, notice ef 203. , , . i, , M W.lliam Esq. his address before the Agricultural Society of Maine 236. ind, wora out, how renovated by sowing with clorer, and ploughing in the crop J64, 366. tndrum, Mr. Abner, his observations on fruit trees 145. irch tree, notices of 59. . iw, Mr. Thomas, his remarks on burning sod Jib. ■ad colic, account of 270. . adcn pipes, water which has stood in over night should be emptied 40. ;es, Mr. John, his communication respecting the cul- ture of Indian corn 332. ent« in the breeds of cattle 135^u3 communications oa mangel wurtzel and millet 276, 277^ VI Prairy Dog, sketches of-3(J3. Pr'escott, J. Esq. his remarks on the culture ol miugel wurtzel 338. Preston, Samuel, his remarks on ^a^ing; 85 — on graft- ing fruit trees I'il — on clearing laud 172 — on the best mode of manufacturing maple sugar l!i2 — on mill ma- chinery, and the measure of water in mill-races 259 — his communication respecting the workshop of Archim- edes 306 — on the strength and durability of limber 31)6, 354— best time of cutting do. 306— on the moon's influence on vegetation 370. Prince, John, Esq. his remarks on bad winter keeping of cows y4 — his statement respecting agricultural productions 116 — notice of his communication respect- ing insects in peach trees and other fruit trees 333. Proctor, J. VV. Esq. his notice of agricultural experi- ments in Essex county 144. Pumpkins, recommended as food for horses 134 — re- marks on their cultivation 365. Putnam, Col. Jesse, description of his premium farm 324. Q. Quincy, Hon. Josiah, description of his farm 2 — his ex- position of the faults of farmers, as respects the econ- omy of barn yards and stercoraries 29. R. Race Ox, an account of one 136. Radish, how cultivated 294. Rats and Mice, how extirpated 37. Rattle Snake, bite of, how cured 29. Ileceipts, Fhdian meal the best cosmetic for ladies com- plexions 3 — infusion of elder leaves preserves against insects ib. — several different mode sof making bread 4. for making yeast 5 — substitute for yeast ib to pre- vent the bite of musquitoes ib. — for making currant •wine 6 — to take the rancid taste from butter 12 — to make butter from scalded cream ib. — for curing but- ter ib. — to fine and clarify beer ib. — several for mak- ing Ruta Baga puddings 12 — for founder in horses 19 — potatoe pudding 20 — potatoe bread ib. — for cud lost by an ox or cow 21 — for American Tokay 21 — for destroying ants and spiders 28 — for destroyin" crickets ib. — against vermin that infest swine ib. — for the bile of the rattle snake, or other venomous animal 29 — for the cholera morbus ib. — for destroy- ing white weed ib. — for destroying the Canada this- tle 30 — for the ague ib — for a broken winded horse 35 — severla for preserving meats 37 — for preserving cream 37 — to prevent bottled cider from bursting 37 — to prevent skippers in bacon 37 — to extirpate rats and mice 37 — for making cider ib. — for dysentery and bilious disorders .37 — to make salt butter fresh 06 — to cure tainted meat ib. — to preserve meat ib. — to de- stroy bed bugs ib. — to destroy the bee miller 67 — to cure the croup 72 — for making green grape wine 34 — to make Champagne from grapes equal to foreign wine 94 — for (tUtening hogs 113 — to prevent bees being de- sToyed by the worm 108 — to prevent cattle from dis- ease in winter ib. — to render washing easy ib. — to preserve potatoes and fruit ib. — to prepare a pickle or brine for beef 110 — to preserve eggs ii). — for preserv- ing iron and steel from rust 115 — for weaving mats ib. — for making jelly for calves 122 — to make hay-tea for calves ib. — to make good butter from the milk of cows fed on turnips 123 — for the scab in sheep 123 — to preserve potatoes which are frozen 123 — for pick- ling beef 130 — my grand-mother's pickle 130 — for a cement designed as paint for the roofs of houses 131 for breaking glass in any required direction 13! — for making rice glue 139 — to remove fruit stains or iron mould from linen or cotton cloths or other substanrr s 141 — antidote against contagion 141 — substitute for yeast ib. — for preserving lemon juire, or lime ib. — for purifying putrid wati-r ib. — for purifying glass vessels ib. — for frei-ing wells from fixed air ib. — the best mode of ad.nini-tering opium ih. — for preserving hors- es feet wlien ploughing among lime ib. — for the puri- fication of li at least as requi- site in agriculture, as in any of the tiner but less useful arts. The head must direct the hand of hiisbandry ; and in cultivating the earth, the mo-t incessant toil, without the guidance of knowledge, and the superintendance of intellect, is of little avail. The science of agriculture is in a great degree founded on experience. It is therefore of consequence that every farmer should know what has been done, and what is doing iiy others engaged in the ^ame occupa- tion, and that he should impart to others the fruits of his own experiments and observations. Knowledge of this description can in no way be .so cheaply, beneficially and generally ditlused as by newspapers chielly devoted to those top- ics wl'.ich are particularly and appropriately in- teresting to the cultivators of the soil. Publications of this kmd have been found to be of great utility in Europe and in the United States. The Jlmcrican Farmer, at Baltimore, and the Plough Boij, at Albany, ably conducted and liberally patronized agricultural papers, have rendered services to the country ivhich are generally and highly appreciated. 'ITiose papers, however, cannot be so conveniently circulated in New England as a similar publi- cation might if printed in its Metropolis. Be- sides, the matter contained in those papers is not always adapted to the soil and climate of the E:istern States ; and communications proper for an agricultural paper cannot be transmitted several hundreds of miles without more delay, ri.sque and expense, than most are willing to encounter, with no other remuneration than a prospect of benefit to the public. The New England Farmer will be edited by a gentleman of science, conversant with the practice as well as the theory of husbandry. — The proprietor has likewise been promised the assistance of several gentlemen who have been distinguished for successful experiments and a- ble essays calculated to improve the agriculture of New England. Although this paper will be principally de- voted to Agriculture, it will likewise contan a concise summary of news, and .sketches of top- ics common to newspapers in general. Indied, as a mere vehicle of intelligence, without refer- ence to it& agricultural contents, it is prcsuwed it will prove more useful to country subscribers than those papers which are nearly filled with ship news, mercantile advertisements, &c. ot little or no value to those who live at a distance frMn our sea-ports. And the proprietor engages that no more than one fourth p.;rt of his paper shall, in any case, bo filled with advertisement? ; and in genera! a still smaller portion of it will be occupied by advertising customers. Party ptditics, and polemical divinity shall be like- wise absolutely excluded from the colunuis of the New England Farmer. Afassackusetts Agricultural Repository end Journal. Wc know of no pulilication so well deserving of lib- eral patronage and general diffusion among an a^fi icul- tural c-mmunity, as the above named. We have turn- ed over the leaves of many works of a similar nature issued on either side of the Atlantic, but have seen none, which we think contains, in proportion to its quantity of matter, so much to be remembered and practisi/d upen as tiie subject of this noticei Some for- (■ign joarnals which we have seen, contain articles more elabon.tely written, but at the same time they are gen- erally more speculative, and less useful. Good Sense, Science and Agricultural Experience are exhibited in every number of the Massachusetts Journal, and by their union give results, which cannot fail to benefit that portion of an enlightened community for whose use they are more immediately intended. Wc shall not attempt to write a review of this Jour- nali but merely to give such notices of its contents, as we hope may induce such of our subscribers as are not in possession of its numbers to procure them for their own benefit, as well as to assist in the diffusion of the most useful kind of useful knowledge for the benefit of (he public. The number for June, 1822, commences witli '• Re- mnrks on the TtKtnner lit. n-hich this Journal is roiulitct' (rf, fi7id the Tides by vhich tht committee entrusted n-ith the publication are governed. By J. L. one of that Com- mittee.'''' We shall here give some extracts from this paper, which appear to us of general importance, though made with reference to a particular subject. " The Committee appointed for the publica- tion of the Journal do not consider themselves as in any degree responsible lor the correctness of the statements, or the soundness of the theo- ries of the various writers, whose essays they publish. Their rule is to admit every essay, which appears to contain any new hint in rela- tion either to Agriculture or Horticulture. It is manifestly impossible for them to judge of the correctness in point of fact, of any statement made by a correspondent, and they have believ- ed, that a more free and unreserved communi- cation of all Agricultural experiments, whether the conclusions drawn from them are erroneous or not, is of great use. The cautious farmer, if he is struck w ith their novelty, may try them lor himself," S:c. " It is true that with respect to many subjects intimately connected with the prosperity of our agriculture, our Journal during the last thirty years has contained a great number of opposite, and irreconcileable opinions. But iliis ought not to diminish the public confidence, since it is avowed to be conducted on the principles of free enquiry, and since it is not more liable to this objection than all similar works, published in this or in the European world. Men of sci- ence are found to differ on most essential points. How many theories liaTC been published, bare prevailed lor a titiif, and haie goue into obliv- ion ill the important science of medicine ! How materially bus cht-niicr,! science changed, not only since the time of i^riestly and Black, but since it was siqiposed to be irrevocably fixed by Lavoisier and the French chemists of his school ! How groat are the divisions of theoretical opin- ion among the Geologists, the Wernerians and liuttonians !" Wc give the preceding with a view in part to solicit the indulgence of the reader, should our Journal, (as it doubtless will,) exhibit opposite theories and clashing opinions. Ligh» is often elicited by the col- lision of opaque bodies, and the publication of errone- ous theories, will sometimes lead to their refutation anci the consequent developement of important principles in science, and the discovery of useful processes in art. Notwithstanding, however, the difference of opinion, and mutable practices of modern agriculturists. Agri- culture on the whole is rapidly improving. Mr. Low ell, observes, " We undertake to say, that thirty years since it would liave been believed impossible to raise, as Mr, Hunnewell of Newton did 112 bushels of Indian Corn to an Acre — and I distinctly recollect that when the first accounts in the Bath agricultural papers reach- ed us that they had raised 500 and even 900 bushels of potatoes per acre, it was deemed, if not a fable, yet art experiment peculiar to Great Britain and its soil and climate and not to be looked for among us." " Still we have seen that in all parts of our country individuals have succeeded in raising from 450 to .51)0 bushels per acre of this invalu- able root. We have seen that the cultivation of other rnots to aid the sup])ort of cattle during the winter has advanced much faster with us, considering the late period in which we under- took it than in any part of Europe. We hear, not occasionally but constantly, every year, of GOO or 700 bushels of Mangel Wurtzel, or the \vhife beet-^of 500 bushels of the Iluta baga or Swedish turnip per acre, and our cattle are and must be of course better fed, and eventual- ly highly improved."' The improvements in the different breeds of cattle, which have been the results of modern husbandry are not less remarkable than the increase of crops. A friend lias informed us that " In the Picture of London, for the present year, it is stated, that about the year 1700, the average weight of oxen, killed for the Lon- don market was 370 lbs j of calves 50 lbs ; of sheep 28 lbs ; and of lambs 18 lbs. The average weight at pre- sent is, of oxen 000 lbs ; calves 1 40 lbs ; sheep 80 lbs ; and lambs 50." Could a comparison be made between the present average weight of cattle and sheep, sold in our market, and the average weight of the same sorts sold 40 years since, we believe the improvement would be visible and striking. Still, much remains to be learn- ed in the art of breeding and fattening cattle, and ev- ery step facilitates further progress to a degree of ulti- mate perfection of which at present wc form no ade- quate idea. The i%Titer of the article alluded to is of opinion that it is better economy to plant at least middle sized po- tatoes, or cut potatoes, equal in size to those than either to use for planting small potatoes, or to cut the large potatoes into small parts, to scoop out tlie eyes, or take only the sprouts. Tlie Hon. Josiah Quiucy in a letter, published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re- NEW ENGLAND ^ARMER. pository, vol. v. p. 64, giic llic details of an experi- ment with cut potatoes, and whole potatoes planted in the same field, in adjoining rows, which resulted great- ly in favor of the v/hole potatoes. In this ca?e it ap- pears that fact and theory coincide, for, as Mr. Lowell well observes " the polatoe is by nature formed to fur- nish from its fleshy and watery root the food for the young shoots." It is doubtless the juice of the planted potatoe which enables the young )>l;mt to endure enWy drought better than most other articles of field culture, while a la!t drought, which assails thcia after the pa- ternal root has parted ^i'ith its supply of nourishment proves very injurious to the crop. Adverting incidentally to Hedge Fences, Mr. Lowell has the following remarks : '• When the Hon. Mr. Qiiincj' jmblUheJ hi? oxperinients on Hedge phmlinjr for fences they (the Trustees] were aware that it would not he of much value except on farms destitute: like liis of natural materials for stone walls. In the sandy territory of the old Colony it may be of extensive use, but on farms fuch an 1 know, ivhere the rocks must be got oiit before the plough can move ; where they must be carted to a great distance if not used for waif-, where, in short, v.'alls are the cheapest mode of disposing of tbte stones, it is excellent husbandry so to ap- ply them." " In relation to the species of thorn recom- mended by Mr. Qnincy, truth and long cxperi- raent enable and require me to say, that th'' Virginia thorn so much rccoinineiuhd by Mr. Maine, from whose account ]\lr. Qiunry very properly introduced and recommended it, is not by any means the be=t adapted for general use, for quick or live hedges. !t is too a]it to run iip, and not sufficiently prone to throw out strong lateral shoots, and it is believed, that ei- ther the common Wbito Hawthorn of I'.nerlnnd, or even our own, New England Cockspur thorn is better adapted for this purpose. Wo make these remarks not with a view of diminishing the merit of Mr. C^uincy in making these exper- iments, and communicating them, but simply to make it known, that what we publish is intend- ed merely as hit^ts which others may follow or pursue, and we feel bound to state from time to lime, any doubts which may occur to us on the subject, or any opposite experience. " We have br:en m.ore free in speaking of the limited extent to which thorn hedges can be carried in the stony and rocky country of New I'lngland, and the defects of the variety of the Ihorn tir-t introduced because v.-e are ready to say, and say it cordially, that we think all that portion of otir country, which resembles the es- tate of Mr. C^uincy, such as a pari of Kssex, Middlesex, Plymouth, Bristol, and «oine of the land? on Connecticut river will tlnnlly derive great benefit from the introdudion of lire fen- ces. They arc 3'et in their infan'"",', and to Mr. Quincv we owe their introduction. It Will be many years before the}' will be extensively tised, but they will we presume eventually be intro- iluced in all countries where stones cannot be t'ound. and he will I trust have the credit of in- ir'oducing them, a credit which will increase as they shall be extended. They are very beau- fit'iil. They give; an air of cultivation to the landscape — they shelter the cro])s, and produce a'oreneral effect of which no man, who has not seen the dvHerence lietween French and Eng- lUh scenery can have any adequate conception." (to BI; tO.\Tl.M EI'.) From the Ma^s. Agricultural Repository for June. Comparison of the present with some past seasons. We have for several years published such a comparison, and farmers and general readers hav- ing expressed a certain degree of pleasure from the statement we continue it. It certainly may be made of some use, if cultivators, instead of consulting the Almanack, will attend to tlic in- dications of nature. Certain plants wiW not flower till the earth has arrived at a given de- gree of temperature. They vary from five to twenty d.ays in the time of flowering in iliflerent seasons. If, therefore, as to the tenderer plants, the Indian corn, squash, pumpkin and melon, we should re- solve to plant them, not at a determinate peri- od of the year, but when we should tunl by the flowering- of certain plants, that the soil is so warm as to endanger their rotting in the earth, wo think some good would be attained. We sliall take a few plants as a specimen, and compare the present season with some oi the earliest during the last nine years. T!ic Cherry opened its blossoms in ISl^JMay 10th— 1815. May 10th— 1816, May CUh— isiS, May nth— 1C2U, May Qd— I82Q, iilay !=». Jhpnragns \\;\s fit for the t;d>le for the first lime in 181r3, .May Mth— 181.5, May Gth— 1816, .May 51h— 181R, May 1.5— 18;:o, May 1st— 1B22, May 1st. It should be remarked that the .As- paragus was cut from the same bed in each year — a bed was planted S3 years since, and never changed, and one which has been constantly groiving better — :m important fact in horticul- ture. Pkni!: v,-ere first in flcivcr in the year 1815,' May 14th — 1G17, M.nv 7th — 1819, May 13th — 1821, May nth— 1822, May '1th. Fenrs began to blow for the lirst time in 18I3< Mav 20th— 1815, May IClh— 1817, May 7lh— 1819, May 1 7th— 1 820, May 9th— 1 822, May 5th. jlppks first showed their open flowers, in 1813, .ATav 23d— 1816, May 18th— 1817, May 12lh— 1819, Mav 19th— 1820, May 11th— 1822, Mav 9th. If will lio seen by this table,, that the present season is the earliest on the whole vvhich we have had for nine years. There is, however, a manifest difterence be- tween the relative times of flonering of the dif- f'cnu' plant" in the several jcar . ; and this is rea/lily accounted for by the circumstance, that a single turn of cold weather v.ill check the pro- gross of all plants, and the season which may have produced lb" earliest floivers on the Apri- cot, the earliest of our fruits, may not be earlier than usual in producing flowers on the Ap])!e. To give one practical rule which we believe niiy be of some use, wc should say, that when the ,\pple tree floivers we may safely (be it sooner or later) venture to put our corn, .squash- es and melons into Iho earth. This season v/as the earliest as to the open- ing of the ground known on my place for 16 years. I ])lanted potatoes and pe;ts on the 7th of March, .'iftcen days earlier than I was ever able to do it before — but as I have often before renr.irked, all these diilereiices disappear as the season advances, and on the whole I doubt whether the present sea.soa i.s in advance more than four or live days of that of common years. It however has been a great relief to the .abor I of the larmcr- — bis season of labor has been ex- tended this year at least three weeks in this vi- cinity, and this is of great value to him. Th^' show of blossoms in all kinds of fruit is very good, nearly double to that of the last year. — The present cool v.ealher is highly beneficial to the fruit. Wc had a very severe frost on the 6th inst. which in low grounds injured ear- ly potatoes, but the damage on the whole was not great. If we can escape another for one week more, we may presume on a fruitful year. The prospect of grass is at this moment abovt- that of ordinary years. A IIOXBURY FARMER From the J^'iw England Galari;. JcDCE QriKCY's Farm. — We have heard that Mr Quincy v.as a praclicnl as well as theoretical farmer, and it is well known that hi« talents have been induE- triously employed in raising the standard of agricultu- ral excellence in the neighborhood of Boston, but wc do not recollect to have seen any description of liis fann, or his mode of cuUivating it, till the following, for which we are indebted to Mr. Stone's " Extracts from a Gentleman's Port Folio." .ludg." Q,uincy, in addition to his professional duties, is a theoretical and practical farmer ; and I have taken the liberty of introducing the. name of this distinguished gentleman because there i- a part of his system which v.as entirely novel to me. and which I thiixli. should be more extensively known, as 1 feel persuaded that ma- ny of our agriculturalists may profit by it. His farm is extensive and surrounded by a flourish- ing hawthorn hedge ; but there is not an inte- rior fence on the premises. The whole pre- sents a single field, devoted to all the various purposes of agricidture. No part of it is allot- ted to piigture, as his cattle are fed in their stalls, andtiever suffered to run in the field. The ad- yanfaiccs of this system are thus given : Former- ly there were seven miles of interior fences to be kept in repair, and by keeping the cattle up, the V hole of this expense is saved. Formerly sixty acres of this farm, were devoted to pas- turage ; but now a greater number of cattle by one t'lird, are kept upon the products of twenty acres ; and I never saw cattle in better case. The saving by this means is enormous, and that immense advantages arise from it, is too appa- rent to be dwelt upon. During the summer the cattle are fed upon grass, green oats or barley, cut up the day previousl)-. and suffered to wilt in the sun ; and the manure, which is thus sav- ed, will more than jiay for the extra trouble anil exi)ense. The farm is highly cultivated, anil everj' kind of grain and vegetables grown in the country, appeared to have a place. The cultivation of carrots it was said was found very profitable, and, I passed a lot of live acres. — Near this were also several acres of cabbage- ruta baga, mangel v/urtzel, millet, kc. he. — Judtre Q. has also an extensive salt manufacto- ry, cf 175 cisterns or vats, which, however, he contfmplatcs soon to enlarge. The salt water is ptjmped by wind, and is let otT from one vat to ajother — first depositing the sediment, and. then the sulphate or carbonate of lime, until it beccmes pure, when it is suffered to stand and evaporate by the heat of the sun. The crj'stal- lizalions, form on the top and settle to the bot- tom. I have preserved a beautiful specimen. One man attends the \\ hole of this concern. — Tlie residence of Judge Q. is a charming situa- tion. The house is a neat and spacious build- ing, and the grounds, varied in surface and seen- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ery, tastefully laid out anil richly ailorncil. It is agreeable to perceive gentlemen of such dis- tinguished talents and literary attainments, toil- ing-^ thus to promote the real interests of the country, and affording practical proofs, that the pursuits of agriculture are neither servile nor derogatory. From the Hampshire Gazette. Sweet Com. — A writer in the Plymouth pa- per asserts that sweet com was not known in New England, until a gentleman of that place, who was in Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in 1779, brought a icw cars to Ply- mouth, which he found among the Indians on the borders ?£ the Susqueh.annah. This writer says that if the ears are picked from the stalks for seed, the produce will assimilate to our com- mon corn, but if the seed ears be selected from the suckers, the corn will not loose its peculiar qualities. Cotton. — Several experiments arc now mak- ing in New York and Connecticut, to ascertain whether cotton can be raised in this northern climate. Some plants in Albany are now in blos- som. .4 Cosmetic for ladies complexions, said to be superior to all other washes. — Put over the fire a pint of water, and when it boils stir in fine In- dian meal enough to make it a paste ; let the ladies use this paste instead of soap every time they wash themselves. If a spoonful of honey and a little rose water are stirred into it when cooling, it will be still better. Lightning. — Wet clothes are good conductors of lightning, and if a flash in its way to the ground, should strike a person's head, whose clothes are wet, it will run in the wet clothes over the surface of the bod}', whereas if the clothes were dry, it would go through the body and occasion death. It is stated in a London paper of 30th May, that among the rewards presented the day be- fore by the society for the encouragement of manufactures, &c. was " the large silver medal and twenty guineas,'' to Mrs. Wells, of Weath- ersfield, Conn, for her imitation Leghorns. From the Boston Gazette. ' Copperas water is a cheap and certain des- truction to bugs, which cannot be too generally known. It is said, that if horses be rubbed down with chesnut-tree leaves, in the morning, they will not be annoyed by flies during the day. United States^ Lead Mines. — A notice from the War Department is published in the western papers, offering to receive proposals, at the of- lice of the Ordnance Department, for Ifasing any of the lands of the U. States containing mines of lead, upon an annual rent of one tenth of the product of the mines, to be deposited, in pure lead, in a store-house on the ground. The leas- es hot to be for more than three years, and not for a quantity of land to any individual or com- pany, exceeding three hundred and twenty a- cres, &,c. Leases may be renewed at the expi- ration of three years, at the option of the gov- ernment, reserving the right to raise the rent, but not to a higher rent than one fifth of the product. The advertisement is dated at the Ordnance Department, Jime 15th, p'rom the American Fanritr. SKIPPERS IJ^ BJiCOJV, give much trouble to houser:i.nves in the country. It has been discovered, by a female corres- pondent in the coimtry, from whom we have received several useful communications, that skippers in bacon may be effectually and speed- ily destroyed by the use of elder juice, but the e.ract manner of preparing and applying it, are not described. This ought always to be done in giving receipts — the field is yet open for numberless useful discoveries in all the dei>art- ments of rural and domestic economy. Since writing the above, we have the follow- ing more particular account from our esteemed correspondent : " Last year we lost at least one third of our ham meat, by the skippers, notwithstanding ev- ery attention, but never destroyed the skippers while the meat lasted. Our neighbours were, in this respect, as unfortunate as ourselves. " This spring, knowing that our meat had been well smoked, and the weather being dry, we neglected airing it as customary, until our old enemy the skipper returned, and had eaten it smartly. Sister, who attends to it h.ad it ex- amined, scraped and sunned ; (no one can bo more particular.) In a week after, she had it examined and foinid that there were nearly as many skippers as at first : you ma^' suppose, af- ter the loss we suffered last year, we wore very anxious to destroy this troublesome insect. I had known for many years, that elder juice would destroy maggots. If a hog, sheep, or anj' other animal gets wounded, and the flies get to the wound, they will create maggots ; by ivash- ing the wound with elder juice, they will roll out b}' hundreds, if there be so many in it. I proposed therefore to try it on our bacon. The leaves were accordingly beat in a mortar, add- ing a little water ; the flesh side of the meat was rubbed with the leaves thus bruised, and in three weeks after, the meat was re-examined, and the skippers utterly destroyed. The applica- tion here described, does not in the least degree communicate any bad taste to the meat. I liave little doubt, that this, with m.iny other simple applications within the reach of every house- keeper, might be applied to many other useful purposes, if proper pains were taken to make the trial. If such homely communications, on such homely subjects, are admissible in the Am- erican Farmer, you can publish what 1 have written, as you know 3 ou can depend on its ac- curacy, and 1 shall be amply paid for my trouble by what I know I shall receive, the thanks of many A HOUSEKEEPER. We believe that the virtues of elder are less known and appreciated than they ouglit to be. Mr. Dcane's Georgical Dictionary states that Christoplier Gullet, Esq. liad made some experiments, which were commu- nicated to the Royal Society, of which the following is a brief account : " He wliipt calibagcs gently with green boughs of elder, just at the time when the butterflies appeared, after which, tliough they hovered over them, tliey were never obseriied to touch tliem. He whipt the limbs of a plumb tree as high as he could reach. That part remained green and flourishing ; but all above shriv- elled up, and was full of worms. He concluded that if a tree were sprinkled with an infusion of elder, once a week or fortnight, it would effectually preserve it without injuring the tree or the fruit. He prevented the yellows in wheat, which is caused by an insect, by brusliing the v.luat ivith elder ; and preserved a bed of j-oung cauliflowers. He prefers the dwarf cider as it emits the strongest effiuvium. " Perhaps, it may be found, as this writer sugrgfufs, to preserve turnips Horn tiie fly, and these and other plants from grasshoppers and ail other insects," A frienrl of (lie Editor, stated to us tiiat he had used an infusion of eider leaves as a preservative against the small yellowish bugs, which infest cucumber vines, squash vines, &c. and he believes with complete suc- ce?.i, as the bugs ceased to devour the plants from the time the infusion was applied. It was rather late in the season, however, before the application was made, and it is possible that the bugs had fmiihed their year's v/ork of niirchief before they v.-ere disturbed by the el- der infusion. We hope that further trials ^ill be mado^ Carelessness. — Negligent nmsters and mistrcsr- e? arc considered as lawful prey by their domes- tics ; and those v>-ho arc proverbially easy in the management of pecuniary and economical concerns, are at once cheated and despised for a disposition, v.hich, however it may engage t!io affection and esteem of candid and enlightened characters, seldom fails to excite the rapacity of those who are possessed of That lov/ cunning, which in fools supplies, And ami)ly too, the place of being vvise. good A man v.ho had been a zealous parfizan, in politics, but had shifted his course so often that he sometimes strayed so far from the lines of demarcation which separated one party from another that he could not always say which side he belonged to, was asked, v, hat made him turn his coat so often ? He rcplieil that " one turn deserves another." Gunpowder and Brandy. — An office in the gov- ernment of Sat:ni, being once upon a time va- cant, '■'■ the prince of the pjoiiser of the oiV," con- vened a counsel, when it ivas proposed, that on the trial of the skill and abilities of the two de- mons, he who Caused the most misery on earth and brought the greatest number of mortals to the regions of despair, should fill the vacant of- fice and be first in authority. One went in the shape of Gunpowder, the. other that of brandy, rum, gin, 4-c. the former was an open enemy and roared with a terrible noise. This made the folks to be afraid, and put them on their guard. But the other passed as a friend and a physician, pretended to make them strong and healthy, was at all the merry makirigs, frolicks and entertainments. By these means he caused them to be off their guard ; and at length to become his most willing ser- vants, and that too, " for the wages of death."" Under the "notion" of helping digestion, com- forting the spirits, and cheering the heart, he produced the direct contrary effects. — And, havii/g insensibly thrown great numbers into a fatal decay, he was found to people hell and the grave so fast, as to merit the office, in prefer-- ence to him who went among the people in the shape of gunpowder, Lft week a young man with a slight obstruc- tion n his speech, came into our office to pur-, chase a book — the price happening to be a few. pence bej'ond his means, we told him we wouldj i'urn'sh him with a copy a little torn. Not find- . ing one, however, as we expected, he very hon- . estiv remarked, that '• wc might t-f-t tear anoth-- er." The joke w;i3 certainly worth something, '. and we instantly furnished him with a :c.'.c.'c co-, py. — .Ydniunket Inipnrer. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BREAD. There is, perhaps, no subject connected witli Do- mestic F.conomy of more importance tlian the manufac- ture of Bread. We have therefore thoug-lit it might prove acceptable to our readers to present them with some recipes for composing the Sififf of Lift ,- and should any of our friends or patrons be in possession of any bet- ter methods of an?v/ering the same purpose, they will oblige us, and, we hope, do the public a service by communicating them for publication in our paper. I. To a peck of flour add a handful of salt, a pint of yeast, and three (juarts of water : the whole, being kneaded in a bowl or troug^h will vise in about an hour ; it is then moulded into loaves, and put into the oven. For Frencii bread, they take half a bushel of fine flour, ten fjgs, and a pound and a half of fresh butter, into v/hich they put the same quantity of yea-:t, and tempering- the whole mass with new milk pretty hot, leave it half an hour to rise, after which they make it into loaves or rolls, and wash it over with an egg beaten with milk : care is taken that the oven be not too hot. II. Potatoes, mixed in various quantities with flour, make a wholesome, nutritive, and pleas- ant bread. Kliogg, who has been styled the rustic Socrates, recommends, that potatoes well boiled and carefully peeled, should be put into a kneading trough, covered with boiling water, and bruised till they be converted into a kind of soup of equal consistence throughout. A half, a third, or a fourth, of this souj), mixed with the flour of wheat, makes a bread of an excellent taste, and extremely salutary and nutritive. III. M. Duduit de Maizicros, a French officer of the king's household, invented and practised with the greatest success, a method of makin,'^-; bread of common apples, very far superior to potatoe bread. After having boiled one third of peeled ajjples, he bruised them while quite warm, into two thirds of flour, including tlie quantity of leaven, and kneaded the whole with- out water, the juice of the fruit being quite ^uflicient. When this mixture had acquired the consistency of paste, he put it into a vessel in which he allowed it to rise for about tv/elve hours. By this process he obtained a very sweet bread, full of eyes, and extremely light. IV. At Debritzin, in Hungary, excellent bread is made by the following process without yeast : Two large handfuls of hops are boiled in four quarts of water ; this is poured upon as much wheaten bran as it will moisten, and to this are added four or five pounds of leaven. When the mass is warm, the several ingredients are work- ed together till well mixed. It is then deposit- ed in a warm place for twenty four hours, and afterwards divided into small pieces about the size of a hen's egg, which ar^,- dried by being placed upon a board, and exposed to a drv air, but not to the sun; when dry they are laij up for use, and may be kept half a year. The ferment, thus prepared, is applied in the, fol- lowing manner : For baking six large lowes, six good handfuls of these balls are dissolvod in seven or eight quarts of warm water ; this'wa- tcr is poured through a sieve into one enfl of the bread trough, and after it three quarts ol warm water ; the rcmainmg mass being well pressed out. The liquor is mixed with Hour, sulficient to fonn a mass of the size of a lar"e loaf; this is strewed over with flour; the sieve with its contents, is put upon it, and the whole is covered up warm, and left till it has risen enough, and its surface h;is begun to crack : this t'orms the leaven. Fifteen quarts of warm water, in which six handfuls of salt have been dissolved, are then poured upon it through the sieve ; the necessary quantity of flour is added, and mixed and kneaded with the leaven ; this is covered up warm, and left for about half an hour; it is then formed into loaves, which are kept for another half hour in a warm room; and after that they are put into an oven, whore they remain two or three hours, according to their size. One great advantage attends this kind of ferment, that it may be made in large quantities at a time, and kept for use ; and, on this account, it might be convenient on board of ships, or in camps for armies in the field. V. The carbonate of magnesia, [common magnesia of the shops] when well mixed with new flour, in the proportion of from 20 to 10 grains to a pound of flour materially improves it lor the purpose of making bread. Loaves, made with the addition of the carbonate of mag- nesia rise well in the oven ; and after lieing baked the bread is light and spongy, has a good taste, and keeps well. In cases where the new flour is of an inditferent quality from 20 to 30 grains of magnesia to a pound of flour will con- siderably improve the bread, When the flour is of the worst quality 40 grains to a pound of flour is necessary to produce the same effect. As the improvement of the bread depends upon the magnesia, it is necessary that care should be taken to mix it intimately with the flour previous to making the dough. A pound of carbonate of magnesia would be sufficient to mix with two hundred and fifty six pounds of now flour at the rate of 30 grains to a pound. ^'I. To every live pounds of flour add one pound of rice that has been previously boiled to a jelly over a slow fire ; then, when luke vvarni, add your usual quantity of yeast, and make u[) your bread. Should 3'ou judge your jelly to be too thick add luke warm water; a method by which thirty pounds of flour and six of rice produce eighteen loaves, each four pounds and an half weight Five pounds of flour produce eight pounds of bread ; but with the addition of a pound of rice twelve and an half. VII. In order to make bread of turnips the following method is recommended in the -'.V/k- scniin, rusticum commsrcialc.^'' an English work. When turnips are plentiful, a number of them should be pulled, washed clean, pared and boil- ed. When they are soft enough lor being mashed, the greatest part of the water should be pressed out of them, and they should then be mixed with an equal quantity in weight of coarse wheat meal. The dough may then be made in the usual manner, with yeast or barm. salt, water, &c. It will rise well in the trough ; aiwl after being well kneaded, it may be formed into loaves, and put into the oven to be baked. The person who made this experiment had other bread made with common meal in the ordinary method. The turnip Ijread was baked rather longer than the other. When they were drawn from the oven, a loaf of each sort was cut ; and upon exannnation, the turnip bread was sweet'-r than the other, not less light and white, with a slight, but not disagreeable taste of the turnip. When it was tasted twelve hours al'ter, this taste was scarcely perceptible, and the sm^dl was quite gone off.' After an in- terval of twenty-four hours, it could not be known that it had any turnips in its composi- tion, although it still had a peculiar sweetish taste. After twenty-four houi-s, it appeared to be rather superior to bread made only of wheat tlour ; it was fresher and moister ; and after a week it was still very good. VIlj. When wheat has grown or germinated, before it is ground, as often happens in wet i seasons, magnesia, soda or some other alkaline | substance .seems indispensable to make good bread. An Knglish writer in the I>ancaster Gazette, 181G, mentions his having tried the following mixtures with flour froJiiivheat which had germinated, which, if used without the al- kali took twice the usual time, and when baked became a hard thick crust, elevated like a roof over a glutinous saccharine paste, the specific gravity of which was greater than water. 1st. Take new llour, two pounds; soda two drachms. 2d. Take new flour, two pounds : soda one drachm. 3d. Take new flour, three pounds ; old do. one pound ; soda two drachms. 4th. Take new flour, three pounds ; old do. one pound ; ground rice, half a pound ; soda two drachms. 5th. Take new flour, two pounds ; old do. one pound and an half; soda one drachm. The soda was dissolved in the water in which the flour was to be mixed, and the yeast added in the usual way. RESULTS. Nos. 1 and 2 were pleasant tasted bread, similar to brown bread ; it was friable, very buoyant in water, and tilled like a sponge ; it gained nearly one third, but No. 2 was better bread than No. 1 ; and this is well worth at- tending to, since it proves that with this flour half the quantity of soda produced the best ef- fect, a circumstance that is of importance in an economical point of view. No. 3 was better bread than Nos. 1 and 3, and it was but little inferior to the bread pro- cured iVom our old flour, when the alkali was not used. No. 4 wa.s heavier than the preceding, but was baked in a tin pan. No. 5 was also baked in a tin ; it was as good bread as that made wholly with the old flour ; but it was not very easy to distinguish Nos. 3, 4 and 5, from each other. From these experiments it appears that by thirty grains of .soda, a pound of the new flour, wliichas loaf bread Nould nut ottien'-ise be eatable, will make about a pound and an half of very pleasant tasted wholesome loaf bread. n.£MARHS ON THE FOREGOI.VG. The four first of the foreg^oiiig^ recipes -were taken from the Edinburgh Encyclopajdia. The fifth has been proved )y an experiment made within the knowledge of the Editor, to be useful. The sixth, seventh and eighth r«st upon ncwspaptr authority only. Perhaps it mightibe well to mix flour from new, or damaged wheat, with lime water, as a substitute for soda or the oilier alkaline substances mentioned above. The ex- pense cf lime water would be very trifling, as lime re- quires no less than 700 times its weight of water to effect its entire solution, and a single handful of quitl; liaic tlu'owa into a b^re! of water, or any l"ss quantity NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ,'hich may be wautej, will be sufficient. U will re- uire some hours for lime wat..[-, thus prepared, to •ttle, so as to become sufficiently clear for use, when should be carefully poured from the sediment. We not pretend to vouch for the efficacy of limc-watei; lus prepared, and made use of. We JUerely suggest le thing as worth an experiment. YEAST. The following methoils of maldng Yeast have been commended, but we have never known their eljicacy sted by actual experiment. Take a quantity of hops suitable to the quali- ty of yeast vou intend to make, boil them well, id strain off the water in which they are boil- i ; into this water stir a suitable quantity of uur, and consiiierable salt, and then add to this proportionate quantity of sjood yeast ; let this ass rise as much as it will ; then stir in fine ulian meal till it is so thick that it can be made to small cakes of the size of a dollar or larger, ■^hen the cakes are thus made, dry them in the n till they are hard, mindin? to turn them equently to prevent their moulding', and then V them by, in a dry place, for use. When you wish to have yeast, take one of ese cakes, crumble it to pieces, pour warm iter on it, and let it stand in a warm place, d it will soon rise sufliciently to make good ast. A quantity of these cakes may be thus ide at once, which will last for six months more. ™ Art of making Yeast tsith Peas in Persia. Take a small tea cup or win.e glass full of it or bruised peas, pour on them a pint of iling water, and set the whole in a vessel all fht on the hearth, or in any other warm ice ; this water will be a good yeast, and ve a froth on its top the next morning. In s cold climate, especially in a cold season, it )uld stand longer to ferment ; perhaps twentj ir or fortj-eigiit hours. The above quantity) 's Mr. Eaton, made for me as much bread ;b lalf quartern loaf, the quality of which wap ry good and light. It may be necessary thai, i, I this country in winter it should be put to )ro- 1 ment in a coo) oven. Substitute for YeasU L patent was granted, in England, to Mr. Richard Iyer Blunt for his new invented composition to be d instead of Yeast. The substance of the speciiica- i, according to the Repertory of Arts, is as follow; To make a yeast gallon of the above men- led composition, containing eight beer quarts, 1 in common water eight pounds of potatoes for eating ; bruise them perfectly smooth, 1 mix with them whilst warm, two ounces of ley, or any other sweet substance, and one irt (being the eighth part of a gallon of yeast) common yeast. And, for making bread, mis ee beer pints of the above composition with ushel of doiir, using warm water in making : bread ; the water to be warmer in winter. I the composition to be used in a few hours ;r it is made ; and as soon as the sponge (the sture of the composition with the tlour) be- s to fall the first time, the bread should be de, and put into the oven. FACTS AND OB:^KRV AXIOMS KEL.^TING TO Agriculture and Domestic Economy. MUSQtETOES. To prevent the bite of Musquetoe.'?, rub the of pennyroyal, a little weakened on the ids and face. Under this head, we propose, from time to time, to publish such articles, relating to agriculture and rural economy, as we may be of opinion will prove useful. ?ome of our statements wilt not, probably, be new to many of our readers, and others, perhaps, will not be found correct. But those to whom our observations may not convey new iileas, will, we hope, endure theni for the sake of the benefits which may accrue to such persons as are destitute of the information they contain, which will be in part derived from writers of acknowledged merit and standard authority. .Should our assertions or theories be found erroneous, we should be happy to stand corrected by our friends and corres- pondents. Our statements may, at least, suggest hints and processes which may lead to valviable improve- ments. And, as happily expressed in the last No. of the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, " the cau- tious farmer, if he is struck with their novelty, may try them for himself. If they are found to fail, he will not repeal the experiment, but he will be very careful to inquire, whether he has faithfully followed the in- structions of the first essayist, ^^^le(her the soil was the same as that in which the experiment was made, and whether he has taken the same pains to prcdiice the proposed result. If he is satisfied that he has -o done, and that the novelty recommended is not entitled to his confidence, he will abandon it." POTATOES May be spoiled by bad management in har- vesting. They should be dug in cool over cast weather, and picked immediately after the hoc free from sun and air, and kept moist with much dirt about them. If dug in fine weather, and thev remain exposed to the sun, they will sweat in the summer, and be soft, waxy and itronu^. By lying to dry in the sun, they turn green, be- come in a degree poisonous, operate as ph^'sic of a purgative nature, and, it is said, sometimes prove fatal. In gatherino: a crop of potatoes it has been recommended to run furrows on each side of the rows, and then a pretty deep one in the middle, which turns up most of the roots to the surface. A fork, with four prongs, with the addition of what may be called a tulcrum, fastened by a pivot to the back part of the handle may be used for raising the potatoes, not turned by the plough. In the report on the agriculture of the coun- ty of Hereford, drawn up for the British Board of Agriculture, is a description of an excellent implement, invented by Mr. Yeldall, for taking up potatoes, having four prongs, or barbs of iron, with a fang, in the form of a double mould board, drawn by three horses or four oxen. It enters the ground, under the bed of potatoes, and throws them to the surface. In feeding stock on potatoes it is best to steam, boil, or bake them. Sir John Sinclair, a fa- mous English Agriculturist, (v/ho, we believe, has corresponded with Gen. Washington on sub- jects of rural economy,) in his celebrated Code of Agriculture, asserts, that "there issomethinsr injurious in the juice of the potatoe in a raw state, which cooking eradicates, or greatly dis- pels." We have, however, heard it asserted by far- mers that raw potatoes, given, in moderate quantities to working oxen in the spring of the year answer a valuable purpose. They are said to prove cooling, and opening, and serve at once for food and physic. Where cattle are fed in part on Indian corn or meal, which is in some dogrec astringent and heating, raw potatoes given occasionally, we have been told, promote the health, and add to the appetite of the .tni- mals. The Farmer's Assistant .says, " We never should advise to feed milch-cows with potatoes, either boiled or raw ; as we have frequently known cows to be greatly lessened in their quantity of milk, by being fed on tliis root." POULTRY. Mr. Wakefield, a spirited farmer near Liver- pool, say the compilersof " The Complete Gra- zier," keeps a large stock of poultry in the same enclosure with singular success. He has nearly an acre enclosed with a close slab fence, about seven feet high. The top of the fence is everywhere sharp pointed like pickets, though, perhaps, this may not be necessary. Within this enclosure are put up slight small sheds, well secured from rain, however, for the differ- ent kinds of poultry, and it is supplied with a small stream of water. The poultry are regu- larly fed three times a day with boiled potatoes, which is their only food, except what grass may grow within the enclosure. The dung of the poultry, which is exceed- ingly rich, is carefully saved for use ; and the lurf of the enclosure is occasionally pared ofi for mixing with composts. We have heard it asserted that a little molas- ses, or any other saccharine substance is very useful to mix with the food of poultry, which it is intended to fatten. Perhaps it might be well to boil a proportion of beets, ripe and sweet pumpkins, or squashes with potatoes, for the food of poultry. When corn is given to fowls it hould be crushed or soaked in water. Hens it is said should have access, in winter, to slack- ed lime, or oyster shells, otherwise they will afford no eggs, as something of the kind is ne- cessary to form the shells. Wheat, however, if given to fowls lor food, will afford the substance (phosphate of lime) which is necessary to com- pose their shells. BEES. Dr. J. Anderson in one of his papers on hus- bandry observes, in substance, that bees are frequently induced by mild weather in the win- ter, and early in the spring to leave their hives and by sudden changes to cold or wet become chilled, unable to return, and perish. And when they do not venture abroad, warm weather, out of season, often rouses them from their torpid state and obliges them to consume their stores, and they are then starved with hunger. To prevent such accidents. Dr. Anderson is of opinion, that " no method would be so effec- tual as that of placing the hives in an ice house at the approach of winter. Here they may be kept till the spring is so far advanced, that no danger is to be apprehended from bad weather. During the whole winter they will remain in a state of torpor and require no t'ood. As soon as the mild weather invites them to appear, tney will commence their labors with vigor. The intense degree of cold which bees sustain with- out the least injury in Poland and Russia, where even quicksilver is sometimes frozen, removes every doubt or anxiety, coaceruing the safety of bees in an ice hoase." IsEW ENGLAND FARMER. We do not know that any thing has cverbeen attempted to ascertain the correctness ol' Dr. Anderson's theory, but wish that some person would try the experiment, and give the result to the public. STUBBLE,— BURNING or. !\In. W. Curtis, of Lynn, Norfolk, found very beneficial effects from burning the stubble of (•it'*, which was left oitchtcen inches high for this purpose, on a field broken up from old pas- ture the same year ; he aftrrwards sowed wheat and oats in succession on the same ground, the Jtubble of both of which was burned in the same manner. The iishes were in every case plough- ed in to a small depth, and the verges of the field mowed previous to the burning, to prevent accidents. At'ter the third crop of corn, all of which were abundant and remarkably free from weeds, the tield was laid down with clover and grass seeds, and the ensuing crops of both hay and grass proved infinitely finer than those be- fore the ground was broken up. Another piece of land was cropped for three successive years in the same manner as the first, to which it was similar in every respect of soil, aspect, and previous management, but in which the stubble was ploughed in, instead of being- burned ; the produce of each crop on it was much inferior to that of the fii"st experiment, :ind the weeds increased so greatly, that on lay- ing it down to grass, they overpowered the grass seeds so much that it was necessary to re- .sow it ; and ever after, while Mr. Curtis held It, the grass and hay produced were coarse and full of weeds, and consequently inferior both in value and quantity to those of the other field, on v/hich the stubble had been burned. In burning stubble, the danger which is to be apprehended from the spreading of the flames, may perhaps be obviated by tracing a furrow round the held, and setting fire to the stubble on the inner edge of the furrow. We were furnished with the following receipt by a lady, a pattern of industry and all domes- tic virtues, at whose table we have drank this wine in great perfection. It is desirable that wine, and beer, and cider should take the place, as far as possible, of ardent spirit*, the extrava- gant use of which has already become the scourge of this young country. It is, therefore, to be wished, that every thing which can in- crease the means or throw light on the man- ner of making these simple and wholesome bev- erages, should be made known for public ben- efit ; and we shall feel much obliged for all in- formation on such matters. The receipt is cop- ied from "Gary's American Museum," for July. American, Farmer. RECEIPT FOR ."lAKir.'O CURR.\NT WINE. Gather your currants when full ripe ; break them well in a tub or vat, (some have a mill con- structed for the purpose, consisting of a hopper, fixed upon two lignumvit» rollers) press and measure your j'lice, add two thirds water, and to each gallon of that mixture, (i. e. juice and water) put three pounds of muscovado sugar, (the claaner and drier the better ; very coarse sugar tii-st clarified, will do equally as well,) stir it well till the sugar is quite disssolved, and then turn it up. If you can possibly prevent it, let not your juice stand over night, as it should liot ferment before mixture. Observe that j'our casks be sweet and clean, such as never had either beer or cider in them, and if new let them be first well seasoned. Do not fdl your casks too full, otherwise they will work out at the bung, which is by no means good for the wine ; rather make a proportionable quantity over and above, that after drawing off the wine you may have a suf- ficiency to till up the casks. Lay the bung lightly on the hole to prevent tlie flies &c. from creeping in. In three weeks or a month after making, the bung-hole may be stopped up, leav- ing only the vent-hole open till it has fully done working, which gcnerall}' is about the lalterend of October. It may then be racked off into oth- er clean casks if you please ; but experience seems to favor the letting the wine stand on the lees till spring, as it thereby attains a stronger body, and is by that means in a great measure divested of that sweet luscious taste, peculiar to new made wine ; nay, if it is not wanted for present consumption, it may without any dam- age stand two years on the lees. When you draw off the wine, bore a hole, an inch at least above the tap-hole, a littlt to the side of it, that it may run clear off the lees. — The lees may either be distilled, which ivill yield a fine spirit, or filtered through aa Hipo- crates' sleeve and returned again into the cask. Some put in the spirit, but I think it not advis- able. Do not suffer yourself to be prevailed on to add more than one third juice as above pre- scribed, in hopes that the wine may be richer, for that would render it infallibly hard and unpleas- ant, nor yet a greater proportion of sugar, as it would certainly deprive it of its pure vinous taste. By this managemnt you may have wine, let- ting it have a proper age, equal to Madeira, at least superior to most wines, commonly import- ed, and lor much less money. In regard to the quantity of wine intended to be made, take this example, remembering that twelve pounds of sugar are equal to a gallon of liquid. For instance, suppose you intend to make 30 gallons, then there must be, 24 gallons of mixture, 3 multiplied by, equal to C gallons of liquid. 30 gallons. and so proportionably for any quantity you please to make. The common cider presses, if thoroughly clean will do well in making large quantities : the small hand-screw press is most convenient for such as make less. N. B. An extraordinary good spirit for me- dicinal and other uses, may be distilled from currant juice by adding a quart of molasses to a gallon of juice, to give a proper fermentation. Ions of juice. lU of water, 24 gallons of mixture, G gals, from sugar. Jlrnerican Isinglass. — A manufactory of tbi« useful article has been established at Cape Ann, by Mr. Wm. llall, late of this city. The mate- rial for manufacture is obtained from tish taken from our coasts. The specimens of isinglass manufactured at Cape Ann have been used by the brewers and confectioners in our city, who considered it fully equal if not superior to the imported. — Boiton Pot. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTOA'.— SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1822. TO THE PUBLIC. • It was well observed by an eminent philosophy tliat " Ifie excellehcy of manufactures, and the facili: of labor would be much promoted if the various tx|) dients and contrivances, which lie concealed in prr. :. hands, were, by reciprocal communications, madt orally known. There are few operations that ar performed by one or other with some peculiar aJ i t.igff, which, though singly of little importance, v.\ ul by conjunction and concurrence, open new inlets knowledge, and give new powers to diligence." The remarks will apply with as miicli force to Agricultu as to manufactures. One great and primary ob|>rt the '■'■ A'crv England Farmer.i" is to serie as a viiiir for " reciprocal communications" of such improvemti in husbandry, or domestic economy, as may add stim Ins to industry, by insuring to diligence that row? which alone waits on tcell directed effort. The I'r jp etor woulil, therefore, be happy to receive useful hi:! statements and essays, oral, written or printed, rclati to tl>e objects of his paper, as mentioned above, a more particularly unfolded in the first article ol ; preceding pages, from persons whose experience, r' : ing or observation qualify them to furnish useful formation to the community. It is hoped that no practical farmer will be detcri from forwarding to us for publication any informal of the above description from an appr< hension lest stylo should prove deficient in any of the requisites what is called fine writing. All we wish for is that should make his meaning understood, which may done as well, or better, by plain words and comn phrases, than by a pompous diction, consisting of wo of '• learned length and thundering sound." If : literal correction should be_deemcd necessary to fit ; matter for the press, which we may receive from orrespondents, it will be cheerfully rendered by Editor. The Proprietor will spare neither pains nor expo tc make his paper worthy of public patronage. picposcs, from time to time, to give engravings of - pioved breeds of animals, agricultural implemei , patented machines for facilitating processes in the i • ful arts, particularly those connected with Agricult ; and Domestic Kconomy. At the termination of each year from the commer • ment of the paper, will be given a copious and con t index of the volume preceding. The Proprietor authorizes and requests all Post V •> (era to receive subscriptions for the iVew England 1 • mer^ according to the terms stated in the first pag* ■( this day's paper, and retain ten per cent, on the anio ! which they may collect. We have taken the liberty to forward the first n ber of the Xew England Farmer to some gentlt i o whose names happened to occur to us, although 1 v are not on our subscription list. Should they appi c of this specimen of our work, and the plan as develo i in this and the initial articles, we hope they will af i us their patronage, and assist in extending the circ i- tion of the paper by such means as they may deem it adapted to that effect. O:;^"" ^vas stated in our Prospecti:s that the I» England Fanner would be printed on a " large r^ al sheet." It has since been thought best to issue it sheet of smaller size, but of superior qunb'ly. le price of the paper now vsed is the same as tha: » which we originally proposed printing it. We are m fidcnt our patroijs will be satisfied with the alterati NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOREIGK SUMMARY. Intelligence from London as late as the 13th of June A3 been received by the ship Nestor^- an-ived in New ork from Livcrp ool. A London article of that date ifirm? that advioes had been received from Conslanti- ople to the lUh May, conUrniins the pacific nev.-s of le evacuation of Moldavia and Wallachia by the iil 'urkish troops. Russian vessels were clearing at pj idessa for Constantinople ; and sevc-ral vessels have een insured at Lloyd's from capture or seizure by the urks, at one per cent. It appears that the unfortunate Greeks are still suf- •iring all tiiat tlie most savage ferocity can inflict un- Jijer the domination of the Musselmen. Two Trench ntlemen, visiting the island of Scio, represented the vvn as pillaged and destroyed, and the streets filled ith the festering remains of the bulchered Inhabitants. he women and children were articles of commerce, )th at Constantinople and Smyrna. The Turkish 2et was to sail from Scio about the 3d of May, which arcs little hopes of their having been defeated by the reeks. The Belgrade accounts are very unfavorable to tl'.e reeks. The Pacha of Salonichi had received rein- l^rcemcnts, and defeated the Greeks. After this he II upon thirty Greek villages, and carried away the omen and children as slaves. The King of France, in reply to the Address of the hamber of Peers says, " since the opening of the ses- >n I have received accounts which assure that peace 11 not be disturbed in the East it is stated that the accounts received from the South id West of Ireland continue more and more deplora- e. The assistance given to the poor has been ex- •mely liberal ; but their wants exceed the donations. Dublin paper states that " a million of men, women d children are starving — are actually dying of hun- r, and in one of the finest seasons ever remembered ; malignant fever, with every appearance of the v/orst .Tiptoms of pestilence has set in." The recognition of the Independence of tlie South nerican nations, by the United States, has been re- ived in Spain ; but no measures have been taken on e subject. The bill for throwing open the West India Islands to trade of all nations had passed the House of Com- itls, btt'n wad a first time in the House of LOrds,'and is said win become a law. ' As an illustration of the singular character of the it winter, it may be mentioned, that while the ther- )ineter was some d-:grees above the freezing point it. issia and Sweden, they were skating a?i(( drivinj .iueaux at Madrid through the whole of January, d several persons were frozen to death in the streets Lisbon . The last accounts frem Spain, which are to the 31st Jime, indicate a crazed and unsettled state of socic- Troops of partizans are in arms against the gov- iment. These insurgents who style themselves roy- ts, are <^mmonly headed by priests or monks, arid :a banners were inscribed', " The K^ng and the OSS."' They have been often defeated, but rise from ery oveellirow with apparently renovated strer.gth fresh exertions. The Cortes were in session, but ■re said to be perplexed, bewildered and wavering tlieir councils. They had fixed the standing army 182-', at 62,043 men. The Cortes have issued a Manifesto on South Amer- m affairs, in which they invoke the Powers of Europe t to recognize the Independence of the New States South America. A duel was fought in Paris, in the beginning of June, • two members of the Chamber of Deputies, Benja- i:i Constant and Forbin des Isarts. They were at- nded by liro seconds each. The former being lame, id unable to stand, they were both provided with airs, and in that way exchanged two shots withov.t feet ; when the seconds interfered. at At a splendid levee held by the King of England, oj e 12th of June, Mr. Washington Irving was present I by the American Ambassador. "1 DOMESTIC SUMMARY. c Slaves. — The Emperor of Russia has derided th< ■ IPstlon submitted to him by the U. States and G. Bri J. m, in relation to slaves carried away during the lati ar by the British— that the U. States arc entitled to : ' St indeaiiiificalion for all such slaves carried away. Riot at the Slnle Prison. On the first inst. there was a formidable insurrec- tion at the Slate Prison in Charlestown. It com- menced by an attack made on one Chadwick, who had rendered himself obnoxious to the prisoners by giving evidence against Green, not long since convicted and executed. It is said that for nearly two hours the riot- ers had the ascendancy, and were not quelled till after they Iiad set fire to the work shops in the yard, and had been repeatedly fired upon by the guard. A large number of the citizens of Boston and Charlestown were collected, including Eire Companies, and a party of Marines from the Nr.vy Yard. The principal of the riot, and several others were wounded, the former, it is supposed mortally. 'I'he culprits were at length drive '.i to their wards and secured. J\Vg;-o Plot. — A plot has been formed by the negroes of Charleston, S. C. to massacre the white people. They formed themselves info a society, and held meetings at a farm, which they could approach by water to avoid be- ing stopped by any patroles. They intended to have provided themselves with passes so as to deceive the guard, and place themselves at certain parts of the ci- ty ; then a party was to secure the guard at the guard house, and an indiscriniinatc massacre v\as to com- mence on all whites, who appeared in the streets, and particularly to prevent any company from forming. — Also to prevent the bells from tinging to give any a- larni. A negro who was solicited to join the gang de- clined, and gave information to his owners by which means the conspirators were arrested, and some of (hem condemned to be executed. SoLO.MoN SouTnwicK, Esq. the Editor of the Plough Boy, has been nominated a candidate for Governor of the State of New York, in opposition to Judge Yati's. This event took place, says the Albany Argus, at " a very numerous meeting of Republicans," in which the " Capitol was crowded to excess, and the citi.-^en? ani- mated by Uie fire of seventy-six and ninety-eight." It is reported that another challenge has passed be- tween Col. Cumining and Mr. M'Duffic, and that the meeting is fixed for the 10th of August. A writer in the Boston Centinel of the 31st ult. in remarking on certain recent failures, which have ta- ken place in this city, snys that '■'■ many of the failures ■werjp trifling, many others not unexpected, and that the whole will not effect the stamina of the solvent Em- porium of New England commerce." We have published the official decisions of the Ame- rican and British Commissioners made under the 6th article of the treaty of Ghent ; by which it will be seen, that all the islands in the Niagara river, (except Navy Islpjid) have fallen to the United States. Drum- mond's Island, in Lake Huron, containiiig a British post, has also fallen to us. This will serve as an ex- change for the military works at Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain. — Buffalo Patriot July IG. Caution. — Counterfeit bills of five dollars, of the Bank of the United States, are hi circulation, and have appeared in this vicinity. The engraving is coarse, and the paper much thicker than the true bills. Salem paper. AVe are informed by a respectable physician that a dog, evidently alfecfed with Hydrophobia, was killed at Lechmere Point on Monday last. — Palladium. Worcester Canal. — It is announced in the Providence American, that Jlr. Benjamin A\'right is engaged to survey, early the ensuing autumn, the route of the pro- posed Canal from Worcester to Providence, and to make an estimate of the expense of the undertaking. Edmund Law, Esq. is a candidate for Congress in Florida. He was, we believe, brother to the late Lord EUenborough, and author of many of the essays on the currency, which appeared in the National Intelligencer a short time since — a gentleman of genius, learning, and extensive and profound erudition. American Ilisfory. — The Evening Post intimates, that the Hon. Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts, contemplates wTiting Memoirs of his own Times, or some similar work. The following is the paragraph conveying the intimation to which we allude : — " We express a hope, and we have good grounds for the expression, that this venerable statesman will de- vote the evening of his days to placing on record, the I history of-those events and transactions so familiar to his remembrance, so honorable to himself, so glorious to his country. To what better purpose ran he devote his ti.-ne ? How can he terve posterity more essential- ly, than by placing before their eyes, in an imparfial light, the picture of the times that have been ? He has served his country in the field and in the cabinet ; let him close his labors by acting as the historian of his own times." Mr. Pickering has now reached the age of seventy ; and as he is one of the living chronicles of rcToluticc- ary events, such a work as he contemplates would no doubt contain many vahiable facts which v.-ould serve to illustrate our history. — .K. X. Statesman. Charles Thompson. — .\ gsntUman of this city lately visited the venerable Charles Thompton, secretary cf the continental congress in the revolutionary war at his scat, twelve miles from Philadelphia, on the old' Lancaster read. Mr. 1 hompson has reached the ad- vanced age of ninety-three, enjoys tolerable bodily health, and walks with apparent ease and pleasure to himself; his sight is so good as to enable him to read without spectacles, but he hears with difficulty — his mind is evidently in decay ; it is the ruins, however, of superior intellect ; far from being puerile, it still bears the impress of greatness, and a familiarity with the best ancient and modern authors. He dwells with peculiar interest on the scenes of the revolutionary war, and relates with great precision, many anecdotes of its prominent characters. On being asked what caused such implicit faith to be put in the documents signed by him, he answered " it was well known that he had resolved, in despite of consequences, never to put his official signature to any account, for the accuracy cf which he could not vouch as a man of honor ;" and so well v.-as this understood, that when Mr. T. was adopt- ed by the Six Nations of Indians, they emphatically named him " the man of truth." — Albany paper. DEATHS. In this city, Mr. Thomas Pclham, 38.— Mr. John Burt, 20.— Miss Ann Hughes, G7.— Mr. John Hol- brnok, 53. — Augustus O. Barton, 39.. In Roxbury, on Thursday last, James Perkins, Esq. of this city, aged Cl- in Fiirrlajut,. Stephen George Kemble, Esq. the cele- brated comedikn, aged 64. In private life he was a social, lively companion ; and on the stage he was re- markable for playing Sir John Falstafi', without stuffing his jacket. JYeiv Printing Office, THOMAS W. SHEPARD RESPECTFULLY informs his friends and the public that he executes all kinds of Book and Job Printinir, in the most fashionable manner, and on reasonable terms, at bie Office of the Ni;w Esgi.and Farsier, Rogers'' Building Congress Street. 05" Entrance Nos. 4 and 17. Husbandman and Housewife. FOR sale at the Bookstore of Charles Ewer, No. 51, Munros & Francis, No. 4, Comhill, and at this Office:— The HUSBANDMAN AND HOUSEWIFE; being a collection of valuable Recipes and Directions, relating to Agriculture and Domestic Economy. By Thomas G Fessesdf,!?, Esq. Price 50 cents. The follomng notice of this work is extracted from the Massachi.seffs Agricultural Journal for June 1822. " We have read it with attention, and think it well adapted to the use of farmers, who would not go to the expense of purchasing larger works. It is a collection of receipts, many of which arc from high authority, and all of them, as far as they are accurate, calculated for daily and constant use. That errors should creep into such a work must be expected. The recipes areeften taken from such transient works, or sources, that it would be impossible for the compiler to vouch for their efficacy or exactitude — but still its use must be very great to the clas; of people for whom it was principally intended." August '9 NEW ENGLAND FARxMER. From the jyiassucliusetia Spy of July 'J4. Mr. F-ditor — The foilowin": communicition from an iiitcllii'cnt prncti'-^a AKhcnltiiralist, c-mbrcici's a subjict of si-asonablc and iiiiiiortaut inti-rost to the fanutr*. — The question of tlic tffict produced upon the crop of Indian Corn by rirno\ ill? tlie Siickirs, and Ihr proper manner and time for doing it, are yet to be decided t\v more frequent and accurate experiments tlian ajipear to have been made, the results having been very differ- ent, in the instances heretofore communicated. As the season has nov.' nearly arrived, in which the experi- ment may be repeated, it is hopi d that every Farmer will give so much of his time and atti iition to the sub- ject, as to take the suckers from at least a single row of his corn, and carefully note the time and manner of doing it, with tlie comparative proihict of a similar quantity on which the suckers sliall be permitted to remain — and if he will still further ascertain the differ- ence between cutting the stalks and ka\ ing tlieni to be harvested with thi' Corn, and communicate the re- sult of all his observations to this Society, be would add much to the stock of useful information, and great- ly oblige his fellow-laborers in the business of Hus- bandry. L. LINCOLN, Cor. Htcrilary o/Ihe H'orcester ^^ricullural Sucitly. To the Worcester Agricultural Society. In the spring of cisrhteen htimlrcd tind ttvenfy- one, I proposed to try the expcfiinetU of raising' Corn, by planting it in rows. 1 ploughed the ground, as usual, twice ; then carted twenty- seven loads of bam manure on an acre, wliich took two men with a yoke of oxen one day. — As soon as the manure was ^vanned by the in- Ihience of the stm, I then spread the same, and ploughed the ground for the third time. On the eighteenth of May, I furrowed it out, three feet six incites from centre to centre of the fur- row — then carried on twenty-five loads ot loom, which was carted into my hog-yard the preced- ing Autumn, and spread the same in the furrows, which took tliree men and a yoke of nxpn cue- day — I then planted one halt the ground in two rows, six niches apart, the remainder about nine. Immediately after weeding it, I spread two bushels of plaster on the rows — at a suita- ble growth gave it a second hoeing ; the second week in July, hoed it the third time ; at that period the growth was very rapid, and there appeared to be a greater quantity of suckers from the bottom of the stalks than I ever saw- before. The observation struck me, that it would be worthy the attention of our Agricultu- ralists to try the cxperimcntof cutting the suck- er from the stalk, which I did from most of it. By observing, I found that such a proportion of juice from the stalk wept out where the sucker was taken off, that the growth was not po large, and the car set higher ui)on the stalk : on the part where the suckers were not taken off, the corn was thicker set and more promiiKfit — the ears set ten or twelve inches nigher the ground, and were a good proportion larger. That part correct agricultural knowledge. Dr. Deane work was certainly as good a compendium f( its size, as cnidd be found in Europe at th time it was ptiblished. It had the special me it, for Its, of adapting European modes of cti ture to our soil and climate. Even in its in proved state, it is not pretended that the wot supersedes the necessity, with intelligent cull vators, of an extensive agricultural library, b' it is calculated, and well calculated, to aid tl experience, and enlighten and direct the pra tice of all descriptions of farmers. It has be< necessary so far to enlarge it, in consequence the great modern improvements in agricultur that it may prove too expensive for small fan ers, but tve think all farmers in easy circtit stances will find it a very cheap book. Mai thii»gs will not be new to them, but even the they will find enforced by new reasoiis and s guments. Though written principally with view to the New England States, there is i part of the United States in which it will n h'-' found of great value, and perhaps it may n, be and ought not to be its smallest recomme dation to the farmers of the United States, th excepting the Rev. Jared Elliot's small tract, was the earliest and by tar the most rcspectah at^ricultural work ever published in the Unit Slates. The Farmer's .\ssistant by Mr. Nic olson, of the State of New York, a very n perlable work, is apparently modelled upon and I presume the author will admit^ what i tleed his pages prove, the great assistance ! derived from this work. But in New England, it was thought best republish Dr. Deane's work, with additions a corrections, not with the wish, in any degrt I to interfere with the other work alluded to. Air from if, Messrs. Wells & Lilly, to our knov edge, contemplated and proposed to the writ of this notire, the republication of Dr. Deani work, before the Farmer's Assistant went the press. We repeat, that as Editors of this joum and as individuals, we have no other inter< in, or wish to promote the circulation of t new edition of Dr. Deane's New England F; mer's Dictionary', than the advancement sound principles in agriculture. We wish wi, to all agricultural publications of merit, and » we have alluded to the Farmer's Assistant, \ ought to add, that we think that work is o which deserves this character. We trust t demand often millions of people will be gr(( enough for both, and in a few jears, for ma others. NEW ENGLAND FAllMEH. Publishod every Saturttey, by THOMAS W. SHKPARU, Rogers' Building, Congress Street, Hobton ; lit $0,50 p( r ami. in :\dvance, or $;!,00 :it the close of the y, ar. Vol. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1822. No. 2. From the Mass. Agricultural Repository lor June. AN ESSAY On tke Advantage of Manuring -jL-itk Green Crops. CY S. W. POMCaOY, KS(1. k First Vice President of the Society for promoting; Agri- culture in Wasjachusetts. That eminent chemist, Sir Humphrey Davj', apin'ohensive of the most distressing- conse- quences. "Providentially, some 15 or 20 years since, the White Lupin was introduced from Italy, and thouGjh it came by accident, to a people strong-- ly bigotted to old practices of husbandry, the cultivation soon became general. " The wheat and corn are harvested in Au- g;ust, the land is soon after ploughed and Lupins who has shed so much light on the practice as sown on the surface., or but slightly covered, at well as on the philosophy of Agriculture, ob- serves, that " land when not employed in pre- paring food for animals, should be applied to the purposes of the preparation of manure for plants ; and that this is effected by means of green crops, in consequence of the absorption of carbonaceous matter in the carbonic acid of the atmosphere. That, in a {naked) summer ikllow a period is always lost in which vegeta- bles may be raised, either as food for animals or as nourishaient for the nest crop." The rewards offered by the board of Trus- tees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society for more than twenty years succe.ssively, for the best experiments on ploughing in green crops for manure, appear to be still unclaimed ; there is of course good reason to believe that the practice is very limited in the Common- wealth. To shew the advantages that result from such a system, elsewhere, the following is transcribed from a letter that ! addressed to John S. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore, the able and zealous Editor of the American Farmer, and J which appeared in that paper last November. " Among the various plants applied as green g; dressings for the restoration of worn out soils, Ik the White Lupin stands pre-eminent in those .(, climates that will permit their growth between ui the periods of harvest and seed time. That ? jjli trial may be made with them, 1 have forsvarde fij half a bushel of the seed, which I trust 3'ou wil: ^, cheerfully distribute for the benefit of our Southern brethren. They were sent to m • from Fayal ; and the follcr.ving account, which I have collected, of the effects of their culture, will, at least, serve to convince us, that " the , Earth, ever subservient to the xvanis of man.,''" .vlicn exhausted by his insatiable demands, re- quires from him but a little mechanical aid, tf; •-nable her still to ' spread his walks with flow- r^ and his table with plenty.' The island of lyal, though in the same parallel of latitude with iNIaryland, is subject to a temperature sel- dom above 80, or below 50 degrees of Fahren- heit. The soil is thin, and incumbent on scoria and other nmkcomposed volcanic substances ; but naturally exceedingly fertile. For a long period of time, every part accessible to the [dough, has been in tillage ; and, with the ex- eption of selected patches .shifted for flax, un- der alternate crops of wheat and Indian corn, J , (the latter being the chief food of the laboring jl ilclasses.) Such a system of severe cropping; iijjthe resources for manure very limited, and j,( tij without the advantage of improved implement* .jri^t>r modes of culture, caused a visible deterio- ■ E*) ration of the soil; the crops lessened from year I to year ; partial importations were resorted to ; ' and the zacK born of the islani became seriously the rate of two bushels per acre. In February they flower, tmd are then turned in with the wheat, corn or flax in their several rotations. By this management a progressive improvement of the soil has become apparent : there are no longer apprehensions of famine ; a very redun- dant population subsists ; and besides supplying 10,00es the rostcUum or sprout untouched, or at least uninjured; for almost every pea vegetates and thrives vigorously, notwithstanding the cor- culiiin (the rudiment of the young plant) and plumula seem to be consumed." " One or two years observation," continues Mr. Pickering, " in different climates, may be recpiisite to ascertain the time when the flight of these insects is over and they perish. As peas of various sorts blossom and form their pods at very different times, some that come late may perhaps admit of such early sowing as to secure a vigorous and ample growth of the vines before the intense heat of summer ar- rives ; in which case a satisfactory crop may more surely be expected." Mr. Pickering concludes this paper with the follow- ing remarks on the opinions which some people enter- tain of the influence of the moon on agriculture and other sublunary concerns. " Having noticed the folly of regarding the Moon in relation to the time of sowing pease, 1 add, that the idea of its influence in any other operations in husbandry, ought to be alike dis- carded. It is a mischievous supposition kept a- live by tradition, and countenanced and support- ed by the idle remarks and representations in almanacks. The figure of a man marked w ith the signs, and the prognostications of the weath- er, ought to be expunged ; and every well dis- posed almanack-maker would banish them if he knew the injuries they occasion, by misleading the farmer in any branch of rural economv. I once heard some farmer.s — speaking of spread- ing manure on grass-land in the spring — say ve- ry gravely, that it sliould not be done Zi'hen the horns of the moon -jnere turned upwards, for then the inaaure, instead of sinking into the ground, ■xould 7-isc '^ith the grass, and do no good. On the contrary, they mentioned one farmer whott'o«/rf not set up his worm fence w/ioi t!ie horns of the moon pointed dozz-n-j^'ards — for then the stones placed under the angles of the fence would sink, and the lower rails touch the ground and rot. And an industrious farmer in another state told me that he had slaughtered a tine heilier calf which he wished to have raised, becmtsc it ixas dropped in the dark of the inoon. If 1 had not witnessed these facts, I should have hardly thought it possible that such ridiculous notions could have been entertained by any persons who claimed a share of common sense. Even the changes of the weather so generally supposed to be influenced by the phases of the moon, ha^ e been found, by long course of observations, to happen at all periods of the moon's appearance indiscriminately. This fact which your father mentioned to me twenty years ago, was this day repeated to me by the gentleman who had no- ted those observations. Were it otherwise, he remarked, — did the moon's influence deter- mine the weather — then should not this be fair or foul, at the same times, in all countries on the globe ?" {To be contimied.) Prayer of a Young Gentleman for a Wife. From a vain coquette — from a pert assuming Miss, good Lord deliver mo. From one whose time and thoughts are employed in dress, orna- ments and visit* ; from one who is enamoured of her own pretty face and afcom|diy Colonel Ran- dolph of Virginia, son-in-law to Mr. .'elTerson. Mr. Jefferson, who has frequently witness- ed the great and beneficial effects, result- in"' from this practice, not only on the farm of Col. Randolph, but also on his onn, thus details the mode of horizontal ploughing in a letter to a distinguished farmer in ftlassachusetts, and published in the Agricultural Repository : " Horizontal Ploughing has been practised here O'lririnia) by Col. Ilandol])!], my son-in- law, who tirst introduced it, about a dozen or fifteen years ago. Its advantages were so soon observed that it has already become very general, and has entirely changed and renovated the face of om- country. Every rain before that, while it did a temporary good, did greater permanent evil, by carrying otf our soil, and lields were no sooner cleared than wasted; at present, we may sav that we loose none of our soil — the rain not absorbed in the moment of its fall being retained in the hollows of the beds until it can be absorbed. Our practice is, when we first enter on this pro- cess, with a rafter level of ten feet span, to lay off guide line*, conducted horizontally around every hill side, and about thirty yards apart ; the steps of the level on the ground are mark- ed by the strokes of a hoe, and immediately fol- lowed by a plough to preserve the trace ; a man, or a boy of 12 or 16 years old wiili llie level, and two smaller boys to mark the ste|)s, the one with sticks, the other with the hoe. will do an acre of this an hour, and when once done, it is forever done. We generally level atieldthe year it is put into Indian corn, until all have been once levelled : the intermediate furrows are run by the eye of the ploughman, governed by these guide lines, and is so done ;us to lay the earth in horizontal beds of 6 feet wide with deep hollows or water furrows between them, to hold superfluous rain — the inequalities of de- clivity in the hill will vary in places the dis- tance of the guide lines, and occasion gores, which are thrown into short beds. '' I have transferred this method of ploughing to a possession I have near Lynchburg 90 miles to the S. W. from this place, where it is spread- ing rapidly, and will be the salvation of that, as it confessedly has been of this part of the coun- try. '' Horizontal and deep ploughing, with the use of plaster and clover, which are but beginning to be used here, we believe will restore this part of our country to its original fertility, which was exceeded by no upland in the State." A.? many persons may not have a correct idea of the rafter level, the use of which is recom- mended in this Essay, the Editor has procured the annexed engraved representatioo of it. A B It is necessary to caution the reader, that un- less horizontal ploughing be correctly done, it had better not be done at all ; because I iiave observed that many have attempted this mode of ploughing, without understanding its principles: If the water furrows, which are intended to hold the superfluous water, have the least descent one way or another, they will have the effect of throwing the water to one point, whc^e such a quantity will be collected in heavy rains by a number of water furrows leading to the same point, as will inevitably produce a breach thro" the ridges. It is advisable, that before the lev- el is applied to a field its surface be made as even as possible ; this is best done, if its une- venness renders it necessary, by flushing up the ground in the fall or winter with a mould board plough, and early in the spring to be well har- rowed with a two horse harrow ; this last ope- ration will not only level the surface, but will have the additional valuable eftect of breaking the clods and thereby ellectually pulverizing the ground, which will ])rove of great advan- tage to the corn in every stage of i(s growth. The level, in this case, may be ap])lied in the spring and the ground listed or thrown into hor- izontal drills for the planting of the corn. Suc- cess in horizontal ploughing depends on the ex- actness of the level to suspend, and the depth of" the ploughing to absorb the water. Inclos- ing is indispensably necessary to make it bcn- oiicial. as by that the earth is brought into a proper state for absorbing more water, and tl suspension of the progress of this water by i vegetable cover, allows more time for the op' ration of absorption — In heavy rains, when tl ground is in cultivation, and however accurati' ly levelled, instances will occasionally occur f breaches across the horizontal beds — The rer edy is, to fill them immediately with brush, ha' ing the leaves on, well packed. These instances, however, are very rare ai easily thus cured. Besides the inestimable advantage from hoi zontal ploughing in protecting the soil again the wasting efTect of rains, there isa great one its preventing the rains themselves I'rom beir lost to the crop. The Indian com is the crc which most exposes the soil to be carried offt rains ; and it is at the same time the crop whic most needs them — Where the land is not on hilly, but the soil thirsty, (as is generally tl case with such lands) the preservation of tl rain as it falls between the drilled ridges, is peculiar importance ; and its gradual settlir downwards to the roots.,^ is the best possib mode of supplying them with moisture. In tl old method of ploughing shallow up and Aow hill, the rain as well as the soil was lost, whi< not only destroyed the upland, but rushed do\^ and poisoned the vallies. The result of hoi zontal ploughing in V'irginia is extremely e couraging to those who may wish to adopt th practice here. Farms there which are ve hilly, whose soils were particularly liable to I washed away, and which were excessively ga ed and gullied, have been relieved probably nineteen parts in twenty of those calamities 1 horizontal and deep ploughing in combinatii with inclosin"'. ill JN'LW LNGLANIJ FARMER. BOSTOJ^. —SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 182i THE SCIK.\CE OF AGRICULTUHE AND BOOK FARMING Agriculture, the oldest of the arts, conjidercd as science, is still in its infancy. It is, ■we believe, n fifty yeare since chemistry was brought to the aid agriculture, and this will evrntually prove one of . principal pillars. Systematic Rotations of crops — Ii provements in breeding cattle — the use of Plaster Paris — Soiling of Cattle — the extensive Field Cuitu of Roots, for the purpose of feeding cattle — Artifici Grasses, 4:t. k.c. are of modern date, and have broug! about great revolutions in the theory and practice farming. The practical farmer, especially in the old and more populous parts of the country, must unde stand, and in some degree practice these improvement or he will not only neglect to make the most of his mean but probably make so many backward k down-hill mov ments in the journey of life, that, ten chances to on old age will find him in the vale of poverty. The cu tivator who does not keep pace with his neighbors : regards ;igricultural improvement and information, wi soon find himself tlie poorer in consequence of the pro perity that surrounds him. He will be like a stinte oak in a forest, which is deprived of light and air b its more towering neighbors. For instance, A. fine out a mode of managing by which he can raise 30 luishels of potatoes with as little expense as B. ca raise 20t» bushels of the same root. A. can not onl undersell B. and thus injure him as an individual riva but after a while Messrs. C. U. E. F. and so on to th end of the alphabet, adopt A's mode of culture ; th market price of potatoes is reduced, B. can no long( affo;i tc raise them for what they will fetch— his occv NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 15 itioii is gone, and it is to be l'< ared that he must go ith it, either to a poor-house or the state of Ohio. But we wouUl not advise farmers in middling cir- unstances to make expensive experiments, nor adopt ly novi Ity in husbandry on slight grounds, without ing well convinced by testimony, observation or ex- ■ritnce, of its beneficial etl'icts. We had better by ilf follow the beaten track of our ancestors, if it be a tie rugged :uid circuitous, than strike out at once iu- a wilderness of whim-whams, and theories not sanc- )ued by actual and repeated experiments. A farmer, iless he be very rich indeed, cannot afford to be "/«// ' nolio?u," but must leave merchandize of that sort to lO good citizens of the Metropolis. He should exer- se his own good sense on every proposed improve- eut, and neither consider that it must be useful be- lusc it is new, and has the sanction of some great unes, nor let its novelty be an insupcTLible objection its adoption. iMaiiy plants, animals, and theories re- ting to agriculture, S:c. which some years since were msidcred as wry useful and meritorious, are now de- rvedly sunk in public estimation ; and those who iopted or introduced them have suffered in conse- lence of their anticipations not having been realized. hus the theory of Tull, by which frequent ploughing as to supercede the use of manure ; the Lombardy Dplar, which was supposed to be more useful and or- unental than any of the countless species of trees hich adorn our forests — the Burnct-grass,.w1iich was presented as the grass which must eventually root it all other grasses, have had their day and their ad- )cates, and some ardent theorists have undoubtedly iffered in consequence of their carrying into practice leir predilections in favor of this or that plant, or plan cultivation. These things, however, should not leck enterprise, but inspire caution, and teach us lat every novelty may not be an improvement, altho' •ery improvttntnt was oyict a novdty. Some farmers tell us that they never knew any good suit from what they call book-farming. That gtnlk- en farm,ers, who know nothing about farming but hat they get out of their libraries spend a great deal, jt never make any profit by their agricultural pro- :cts, and schemes of domestic economy. We will ex- tnine these positions a little. It was truly said by Lord Bacon that ^'■Knowledge pow7«r." This maxim applies with as much force to grJculture as to any thing which can be the object of uman agency. If we hitto nothing we could effect othing beneficial to ourselves or others, but must bur- jw in the ground and subsist upon beech nuts, and ther spontaneous productions of the earth. This nowledge, which gives man his supremacy '^ over ae beasts of the field and the fowls of the air," and jhich bestows on individuals among mankind a pre- minence much more substantial and less invidious ban birth, wealth, titles, or popular applause, can be .cquired only by three modes, viz. observation^ conver- ation and reading. Observation and conversation are ery important inlets to ideas, and reading furnishes )erhaps, as great a quantity of useful materials for the nind to operate upon as either of them. Book-knnid- dge then is power, and other things being equal, the armer who obtains information from books, or other )rinted works, and has strength of mind, and good icnse sufficient to make a proper use of it, has the ad- 'antage over his unlettered neighbor, who despises xiok finning, equal perhaps to one pair of hands and .wo yokes of oxen. Besides, what is this book knowl- dge, which some honest cultivators think is so much .0 be dreaded ? It is nothing more than the result of >bservation, or experience, which after having parsed irough the channel of conversation, is at length re- duced to writing, sent to the press, and the moment it is printed, becomes, according to the objectors to whom we allude, bnok farming ; and therefore is to be con- sidered as something very ruinous to the practical hus- liandmun ! Thus, we will suppose that A. has found out a safe and easy cure for botts in. horses, or an anti- dote against the Hessian fly, or a metJiod by wliich he can raise double the usual qimntity of hmian corn on an acre ; A. communicates his discovery or improve- ment to B. his near neighbor, who, although he has u great aversion to book farming, makes use of and de- rives great advantages from it on the strength of A's oral testimony. 'But A. sends an account of his dis- coveries and processes to the printer, and it is publish- ed in some periodical paper, and perhaps finds its way into some volume written on agricultural subjects. The whole then becomes book farming., and not wor- thy of the attention of real, genuine, practical farmers ! But these absurdities arc fast yielding to reason and the lights of science. The time has arrived in Europe, and is fast approaching in America, in which books, and the information which they contain, will be con- sidered as necessary to make a man a complete farmer, as a complete physician, lawyer or divine. THE SEASON. ■We believe that the present season bids fair to be quite as fruitful as usual. The early drought has been succeeded by copious rains, and for some days past cool and pleasant weather has afforded the farmer an excellent opportunity to gather the products of the fields. Grass-hoppers and other devoiu'ing insects are not so common nor destructive as they have been for several summers past, and there is every prospect that the year will be crowned with the goodness of the great Bestower of all benefits. A late arrival from Liverpool at New York furnishes London dates to the 2-d June. By these we learn that several bills, annihilating the long continued naviga- tion system of England, have passed through Parlia- ment, and of course a free trade will be allowed to every part of the British dominions, including the West India Islands. This will give fresh stimulus and ener- gy to commerce and navigation, as well as to agricul- ture and every other species of laudable industry. The war between Russia and Turkey seems to be suspended for the present, and perhaps will be adjourn- ed without day. Those, therefore, who long for some- thing sanguinary and terrible, will probably have their depraved appetites baulked, and must be satisfied with such calamitous accidents by flood and field as these " piping times of peace" can aflbrd us. The situation of the Greeks, it is to be feared, is desperate. The Emperor of Rustia, it is said, refuses to interfere in their behalf, and they suffer all that those can inflict whose tender mercies are cruelty. There is some vaporing in foreign journals about fighting between France and Spain, but we are inclin- ed to think that the rumors of war were got up for pe- cuniary purposes, either to accomplish some stock job- bing mancEUVTe, or to give interest to the dull columns of newspapers destitute of news. A Naval Court of Inquiry, at the request of Captain Hull, will commence at the Navy Yard on Monday next. The members are Captains Rodgers. Chauncy, and Morris. The two former are Navy Commissioners. A highway robbery was committed Hfst Tuesday night, between 1 1 and 12 o'clock, near the draw-bridge. in Fore Street, on a young man, who was knocked down by the highwayman, and rifled ofhis pocket-book, containing one $10 bank note, and several others of a smaller denomination.— .Er'/Jg Gazette. On Wednesday, Ticket No. V24o, wliJch drew the Capital Prize of $8,000, in 3d class of Canal Lottery, was presented, and paid by Benj. Huntington, No. 21, Exchange st. Hill, who was wounded in the late insurrection at the State Prison, died on Sunday last. .\t New Brunswick lately four persons were poisoned by eating muscles — and two of the persons died. I'UODI'fJti or JlOniCLLlVRk. The amount of the product of the well cultivated lands of the Eastern States, would astonish any but those who have been accustomed to the river bottoms on the western rivers, or to alluvial lands. We can scarcely believe when we read them ; and should not believe it, were not the facts too well vouched to be <)u( stioned. We lately met with an account of the premiums given at a .Massachusetts meeting sinne time last autumn, and a few of the results are stati (i below, for the gratification of the curious in such matters. Of Potatoes. — Five hundred and fifty-one and a half bushels were raised on one acre of land, by Payson Williams, Esq. of Fitchburgh, in the county of Wot- cester, (from "24 bushels of seed.) Of Turnips. — Seven hundred and filty-onc bushels of the common English sort, weighing ,54 lbs. to the bushel, were raised by Messrs. T. i; H. Little, on one acre of ground. Of Mangel Wurtzel. — Six hundred and forty-four bushels were raised on one acre of ground, by John Prince, Esq. of Uoxbury. Of Cabbages. — Forty-three tons nineteen hundred and ten pounds weight, were raised by E. H. Derby, Esq. of Salem, on one acre, one quarter of an acre, and twenty-seven rods, being at the rate of thirty-one tons to the acre. Mr. Derby received also the premium of $30 for hav- ing raised the greatest quantity of vegetables, (grain, peas and beans excepted) for winter consumption of the stock oahi^ own farm. He raised the last season on his farm 749 bushels of mangel wurtzel, 530 bushels of carrots, 526 bushels Swedish turnips, 1288 bushels of potatoes, 126 bushels of Russian radishes, 757 bushels of common English turnips, 23 tons and 19 cwt. of cab- bages, and 15 ox cart loads of pumpkins. Of Rut a Baga. — Mr. David Little raised six hundred and eightv-eight bushels on one acre. Of iVk'ite i>'en?ii.— Thirty-two bushels and four qts. were raised on one acre by William Mears, of Marble- head. — Xational Intelligencer. THE DUELISTS— A trvf. stort. We learn an affair of honor recently took place in this vicinitj-, between the heroic wife of ensign W. and oi>c of the veteran marines of the illustrious Preble. The parties, instead of using swords and pistols, supplied their hands with weapons more innocent and less hon- orable, from the odoriferous contents of a pig stye ; — and disdaining to stand Gumming and Macduffylike, boldly faced each other. The contest was continued with great spirit, and the utmost politeness, on both sides, (ill the locks and garments of either party dripped with liquid odour ; and till the fair antagonist fell un- der the well directed fire other adversary, and was de- clared unable to maintain the combat any longer. We are happy to learn that she is " perfectly comfortable ;" and that the uuquenched animosity of the parties re- kindled by the officious intermeddling of the mischief- making public, will probably afford us a renewed ex- hibition of their martial spirit. Indeed, it is currently reported that a second challenge has been sent and ac- cepted — the official bulletin announcing the same is hourly expected, the result of which we shall wait with as much anxiety as of that which is to take place on the 10th inst. at the South ; and we doubt not the parties will retire from the field of combat equally covered with honor.''' — Salem Gatctte. DEATHS. In this city, Mrs. Hannah Farrar, wife of Mr. John A. F. 38.— Miss Mary Waterman, 19.— Mr. William Badger. 80.— .Mr. John Lloyd, 39.— Martha Esther, daughter of Ebcnezer and Dolly Hill, 2 yrs. 6 mo. GREAT ADDITIONS TO THE NEW ENGLAND MUSEUM, 76, COURT STREET. THE Proprietors of this extensive establishment have the pleasure to announce to their patrons and the public, that, besides their usual continual additions of curiosities from all parts of the World, they have just added another entire .Museum, making now one .Granel Consolidation, nf A Museums united in one. The late additions alone are supeiior in extent and variety, to any other Museum in thii city. 0:5=Admittance 25 cents only. August 10 16 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. AGRICVLTURE. Thovi first of arts, sourcf of domestic ease. Pride of the land, and patron of the seas, Thrift Agriculture ! lend thy potent aid ; Spread thy green fields where dreary forests shadf ; Where savage men pursue their savage prey, Let the v/hite flocks in verdant pastures play ; From the blooui'd orchard and the showery vale- Give the rich fragrance to the gentle gale ; Reward with ample boon the laborer's hand. And pour the gladdening bounties o'er our land- Columbia's sons, spurn not the rugged toil, Your natiana iflory ts a cultured sod. Rome's Cincinnatus, of illustrious birth, Incrtas'd his laurels while he tillM the earth ; E'en China's Monarch lays his sceptre down. Nor deems the task unworthy of the crown. THE MILK-J^LiJD AJ^'D THE BA.VKEIl. A Milk-maid with a very pretty face. Who liv'd at Acton, flad a black Co-nr, the ugliest in the place, A crooked-back'd one, A beast as dangerous too, as she was frightful. Vicious and spiteful, .And so confirmed a truant, that she bounded Over the hedges daily, and got pounded. Twas all in vain to tic her with a tether, I'"or then both cord and cow elop'd together. Arm'd with an oaken bough (wh.it folly ! U should have been of birch, or thorn, or holly,) Patty one day was driving home the beast. Which had, as usual, slipp'd its anchor. When on the road she met a certain banker. Who stopp'd to give his eyes a feast By gazing on her features, crimson'd high By a long cow-chase in July. " Are you from Acton, pretty lass ?" he cried ; " Yes," with a curtesy, she replied. " Why then yon know the laundress, Sally Wrench " She is my cousin, sir, and next door neighbor." " That's lucky, I've a message for the wench, " Which needs despatch, and you may save my labor. " Give her this kiss, my dear, and say I sent it, " But mind, you owe me one— I've only lent it." " She shall know," cried the girl, as she brandish'd her bough, " Of the loving intentions you bore me, " Rut as to the kiss, as there's haste, you'll allow " That you'd better run forward, and give it my Cow, *'^ For she, at the rate she is scampering now, " Will reach Acton some minutes before me." THE LAWYER AND THE CHIM.\EY SWEEP. A roguish old Lawyer was planning new sin. As he lay on his bed in a fit of the gnut ; Th(' mails and the day-light were just coming in, The milk-maids and rush lights were just going out : When a chimncy-swecjj's boy, who had made a mistake, Came flop down the ITue, with a clattering rush. And bawl'd, as he gave his black muzzle a shake, " My master's a coming to give you a brush." " If that be the case," said the cunning old elf, " There's no moment to lose — it is high time to flee ; " F.re he gives me a brush I'll brush off' jnyself, " If I wait for the devil, the (Kvil lake me !" So he limp'd to the door, without saying his prayers, lint Old Nick was too deep to he nick'd of his prey. For the knave broke his neck by a tumble down stairs. And thus ran to the devil by running away. The strongest of all ties is the consciousness of mutual benefit and assi.stance. It is too true that wounds, however small, which are inflicted on our self-love are never forgotten, and rarely forgiven ; and it is safer to censure the morals of our acquaintance, than to ridicule their dress, a peculiarity in their man- ners, or a fault in their persons. We are all of us too apt to repeat stories to the prejudice of others, even though we do not believe thcin. Well indeed docs St. James say that '• the tongue is an tinruly member." Whatever may be the ill Conduct of a hus- band, that wife must be deluded indeed, who thinks his culpability an excuse for hers, or seeks to revenge herself on her tormentor by follow- ing the bad example which he sots her. She is not wiser than the child, who to punish the wall against which he has struck his hand, dash- es his head against it in the vehemence of his vengeance, and is himself the only sufferer by the blow. There is nothing more dangerous to the vir- tuous and to the interests of virtue, than associa- tion with the guilty who possess amiable and at- tractive qualities. Opportunities for" confering large benefits, like bank bills of ;J1000, rarely come in our way, but little attentions, friendly participations, and kindnesses are w'o. 4, Cornhill, and at tlii Office:— The HUSUANDM.VN AND IIOUSEVMH: being a collection of valuable Recipes and Uirectioie relating to Agriculture and Domestic Economy. B Thomas G. 1'esse.vde.\, Esq. Price 60 cents. The folloxring notice of this work is txlrttcled from th Massachusetts Agricvllural Journal for June 18-2. "We have read it with attention, and think it wel adapted to the use of farmers, who would not go to thi expense of purchasing larger works. It is a coUectioi of receipts, many of which are from high authority, an( all of them, as far as they are accurate, calculated lb daily and constant use. That errors should creep int. such a work must be expected. The reci))es arc oliii taken from such transient works, or sources, that i would be impossible for the compiler to vouch for tliei efficacy or exactitude— but still its use must be \'T) great to the class of people fcr. whom it was princi|!:ill] ml uded.'- August 3. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. blibhed every Saturday, by THOMAS W. SHI:FA1U), Holers' liuildinj:, C;oii,2:ri-ss t^trK t, Boslo it S-',50 per anil, in advaiin-, or $3,00 at the close of the year. i-^OL. I. BOSTOiN, SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1822. No. 3. From the American Farmer. I le immense importance pf durable timber for farming ] as well as naval purposes, gives an interest to every judicious, or even plausible speculation on the sub- ject. The communication from a person of Commo- dore Porter's intelligence, will of course attract at- t'lition : especially when viewed in connexion with hi, .nHcial station, which peculiarly demands the best attainable knowledge of the matter. Believing the opinion he has given, which is, and probably has been for ages that generally received, to be errone- ous ; and thinking it possible that 1 might throw some light on the subject ; — I submit to your readers the following observations on the FELLING OF TREES FOR TIMBER. In the 22d number, volume III, of the Amer- an Fanner, is a letter from D. Porter, (com- otlorc Porter) on " The best time to fellTim- ;r with a view to its (hirability" ; in answer one from the Editor, requesting a communi- ition on the subject. The commodore, " avail- Ef himself (as he says) of the knowledge and iiperience of others, in support of his opinion," ates this to be, that " the most proper season if felling timber with a view to its durability, in the winter, when the sap has ceased to cir- ilate." This corresponds with the opinion 1 ave heard generally expressed, ever since I Dticed observations on the subject ; and the recise time in the winter is fixed, by tradition, to the old of the moon in February." Many years (perhaps half a century) have (lapsed, since 1 have been inclined to doubt 'hether the animal and vegetable kingdoms ere under the government of the moon. The jmmodore thinks its " influence nearly if not luite as powerful as [that of] the sun." He Bks, " why that body [the moon] whose attrac- ons can raise the tides and influence all animal reation, should not have the power to put the ip of vegetables into circulation, assisted as it is y capillary attraction ?" — As heat is essentia) J give motion to the sap in plants, and the hea. f the sun is adequate to that effect, it is not ne essary to seek for any other cause ; still less ti esort to one merely conjectural. No means yei ried have discovered any heat in the rays o. ight from the moon. If any effects on vegetation were ascribable to he moons attraction, yet in an entire revolution, ts diflerent distances are not so considerable, a- produce very different effects. Besides coni- lining its different periods, it is as near the earth n its decrease, as in its increase ; and its pow- ;r of attraction must be the same in both cases. The sowing of seeds, therefore, and their vege- ation, and the growth of the plants proceeding "rem them, cannot, (as the commodore seems to suppose) be influenced by the phases or appear- mces of the moon. The notion of the moon"'; 'influence on all animal creation," if not a nov- jlty, I believe to be altogether visionary. An- iently, indeed, mad people were supposed to be affected or influenced by the moon ; and thence were called lunatics : but that opinion seems now to be exploded. I am indeed satis'l- ed (contrary to the general belief) that ckanges in the weather have no dependence on the moon ; but happen indifferently at all periods of its in- Srease and decrease. It has not heat to raise wa- tery vapours from the earth, or to suspend them in the air ; and under the same aspect of the moon, the weather is fair at one place and foul in another. No one can doubt that " dryness is favorable and moisture unfavorable to the durability of timber ;" and in winter the sap of trees is prob- ably inspissated to a considerable degree ; but no living tree is then '• devoid of sap." — The important question, therefore, in relation to the felting of timber trees, is, I am inclined to think, not simply Xi'he7i trees have the smallest quantUy of sap ; but at Xii/iaf season the sap they Contain -jcill most easily escape or be expelled. The facts 1 am going to state may show this to be in the spring, wlien the sap is thinnest and flowing in the greatest abundance. In the year 1800, divested of public employ- ment, and about to commence husbandman, I made a visit to the late Joseph Cooper, of New .lersey, one of the most intelligent farmers I ev- er knew, to converse with him on the subject of his vocation. Among other things, he spoke of timber ; and stated the following facts. His farm lying on the Delaware river nearly oppo- site to Philadelphia, was exposed to the rava- ges of the British army while occupying that city. Pressed for fuel, his fences first fell a prey to their necessities. In the month of May 1778, they cut down a quantity of his white oak trees : but circumstances requiring their sudden evacu- ation of the city, his fallen timber was saved. — The trees he split into posts and rails. The ensuing winter, in the old of the moon in Februa- ry, he felled an additional quantity of his white oaks, and split them also into posts and rails to carry on his fencing. It is now, said he two uid twenty years since the fences made of the May-felled timber were put up, and Ihey are yet sound ; whereas those made of the trees felled in February, were rotting in about 1:2 years. He then pronounced confidently, that the best time for Jelling timber trees, for durability, .cas when their sap ■aas vigorously Jloiuing. He ^aid, also, that white oak and hickory trees foil- ed at that season, would not be attacked by the ivorms, producing what is called " powder post." And added that hoop-poles of oak and hickory ought, for this reason to be cut the same season. In the same year, accident threw in my way •.he late Oliver Evans' book on the construction of mills ; to which was subjoined a treatise of a Mr. Ellicot, a mill wright, on the same subject. Turning over some of the leaves of this trea- tise, I lighted on the passage in which the au- thor directed hickory timber, intended for the cogs of wheels, to be cut when the sap was run- ning, that they might not become powder post. — In the following winter (1801) being in Boston, and conversing with a friend from the country on subjects of husbandry, I repeated Mr. Coop- er"'s observations, as aliove stated. This friend then mentioned a farmer, the well pole (or sweep) of whose well happened to break at a very '>usy time : that to supply its place, he cut down the first small tree that came to hand , and this was a white birch. The sap then running free- ly, he stripped off the bark, and put up his pole ; and it lasted seventeen years. Had he put it up with the bark on, it would probably have rotted in a year ; the closeness of the birch hark present- ing the escape of the .sap. A close coat of jiaint, laid on unseasoned wood, operates like the close birch bark, by confining the sap, and hastening its decay.* More than fifty years* ago, feeing a quantify of logs with the bark on, piled up by a chair maker's shop, 1 asked him why he did not split them, that they might the sooner get seasoned. He answered, that so long as the bark remain- ed on the logs the sap remained in them, and they were more easy to be dressed and turned. 0:;5"Un!ess timber trees he cut when the sap i.= running, the bark cannot be stripped ofl ; tho' with considerable labor it may be removed by the axe and drawing knife ; but less porfectlj'. The late Mr. Bordley (who was vice-presi- dent of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture, from its formation in 1785, until his death) once told me, that when riding in the vicinity of Philadelphia, he met a master ship-builder, who had been viewing some trees for ship timber. Mr. Bordley mentioned to him the greater val- ue of ships built with the tinibt'r of trees allow- ed to remain gfandiiig a length of time after their bark had been stripped oft". The ship- wright said he was fully sensible of it ; the ships would last so much longer. Why then, asked Mr. Bordley, do you not adopt that practice ? Because, said the shipwright, such timber be- comes very hard, and costs much more labor to work it. — ^I have heard new settlers dispute, which was the best way of clearing woodlands ; whether by girdling (chopping the bark all round the trees to stop the circulation of the sap, when the}' gradually die) and letting the tree stand ; and at once seeding the land for a crop : or by cutting all down at first, and burn- ing. The advocates of the latter mode, said, that by girdling and letting the trees stand, they became dry, and so hard as greatly to increase the labor of afterwards cutting them down. "Dr. Plott [who wrote in the 17th century] says, it is found by long experience, that the trunks or bodies of trees when barked in the spring, and left standing naked all the summer, exposed to the sun and the wind, are so dried and hardened, that the sappy part in a manner becomes as firm and durable as the heart itself'i This is confirmed by M. Bufl'on, who in 1738, presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, a memoir, entitled " An easy method of increasing the solidit}', strength and duration of timber ;" for which purpose he observes, " noth- ing more is necessary than to strip the tree en- tirely of its bark during the season of the rising of the sap, and to leave it to dry before it be cut dowii."t * In confirmation of the opinions advanced by Col. Pickering, we can add, that poles cut from the green willow, the tenderest and least durable of our trees, in June, and stripped, became extremely tough and hard, so as to be applicable to many uses, such as ladders, &c. for which spruce is used. The loppings of all trees cut off in .lime become extremely hard, and will endure for years without rotting. These we know to be facts. Editors. t See British Encyclopaedia, article Tree ; also Rees' Cyclopedia, article Timber. 18 NEW E-NGLAXD FARMER. Bui why should limber tree's be foiled in May, (or when (he sap is trcfly running.) as in the r.a^e stated by .loseph Cooper; or barked and left standing until dry, according to EulTon, be more -durable tiian timber felled according to the prevailing & popular notion, of the old of liie Moon in February ? For an answer 1 olfer the ibllowing conjecture. — The thinner and more fluid any body is, the sooner and mure pci iVct- ly it will evaporate. The sap of trees is doubt- less more inspissated, or of thicker consistence, in winter than in the spring, when it is appa- rently thin and watery. In the lalter state it will IJnd its way, and escape, tlirough tlie pores of the wood, with vastly greater case and ex- pedition than when, as in winter, it is much inspissated. Moia^ses, conden-'^ed by tlie "in- ter's ccM, runs very slowly through tubes of a large size. In summer, the same molas=es swelling to a large volume, and becoming very thin, w:ll pass through very small tubes, and, I believe through the pores of some sons of wood. The same substance (molasses) exposed, in a small quantity, to the hot sun of summer, would soon discharge its more tluid parts, and at length leave, as I suppose, a solid substance behind : but if much diluted with water, would not the whole substance be nearly if not cpiite carried otl" by evaporation ? — the same reasoning may apply to trees left standing, alter being divested of their bark in the spring. It appears by some English books that their usual time lor felling oaiis is in the month of .\- pril, when the sap is running, and they can strip otr the bark for tanning. But the commodore states, " tkat in all their contrccis for !i,nberj'nr naval purposes, the influence of the moon on the sap is more guarded against than any other;"' and he adds, what seems very extraordinary, that " more attention is paid to the time of the ■moon when timber should be cut, than to the neason of the year; for (;is before remai'ked) seeing tlie moon is at the =ams distances from the earth during its decrease us its increase, its power of attraction must be the samp in both ca- ses ; and consequently all the different effects which tradition has a.scribed to the icani:!'; and the ^caxing moon must be vis'ionary. The miUuritij of t.mlier is quite another thing ; ;ind probably of more unportance than the time of telling it. There i> a point of ripeness when freci acquire tlieir gn-atest soli] which are made of wood the usual growth of this coun- try. i)r. .•\nderson, in early life a prartic;il farmer, a man of letters, and an ingenious and philoso[)h- ical observer of nature, appears, nevertheless, to be entirely mistaken in his ideas of the cause of the liarilncss and strength of wood, and in ascribing to the same cause in part, its dura- bility. Mentioning the rings in trees which mark their growth, he says — "as one of these rings is added to the circumference of the free! each year of it< growth and forms the whole m- 1 crement of the tree for that year, it follows, thatj the less that increment is, or in other word~, ; the sloii-er the trees grow, the less will be the j breadth [thickness] of those rings, and of course, the closer the grain of the wood, and the harder also it will be." Just the reverse of this is the' fact. Kvery farmer and carpenter, in the United States, knows that the thicker the annual ring, or, in the common language, the larger the grain, the harder and stronger is the wood. Hence the butt-cuts oiv.hite oak are preferred for the spokes of wheels, and ol hickory for axe helves. Every wood-chopper also knows how much eas- ier it is to fell and cut np the trees growing with small grains in a close forest, than trees of the same kinds which have grown singly and faster in open grounds. And every man who has used husbandr}' tools, a fork or rake for in- stance, whose handles are of ash, knows how- much harder, stronger, and heavier, because more solid, they are when made of timber with large grains, which had grown la^t in good soils, or at such distances from tree to tree as not to rob one another of their food, — than v.hen of small grained slow growing timber. But the timber of trees, pasture oaks for instance, stand- ing singly and at distances from others, and which are of rapid growth and consequently with large annnal rings, or grains, though twice as tough and strong, is found, I have long under- stood less durable than the timber of oaks of slou'cr grovith. The reason is obvious. The oaks in forests do not attain the sizes fitting them for ship timber, until they have reached the age oC iiiaturily or ripeness. In this state they may probably continue stationary for some years : but if left standing for many years after they are 01 full age, the toughness and strength of the wood are greatly impaired. But patture or oth- er fast gro-i'ing oaks, attaining, i'l much fewer years, sizes suitable for ship-building and other uses, arc sometimes cut down heforo they come of age, before they are mature, or perfected h>j time : and hence t'.- earlier fire, old wood for timber.''' In reference to the memoir of M. BulTon, he- foro mentioned, the authors of the British En- cycl(q)a'dia, say that '-By many experiments, par- ticularly d(scrd)ed in that essay, it ap[iears that the tree shoulil not bo foiled till the third year after it has been stripped of the bark ; that it is then perfectly dry, and the sap [saj) wood] be- comes almost as strong as the rest of the timber, and stronger tlian the heart of any other oak tree which has not been so stripped : and the whole of tho timber stron'zcr and heavier,* and harder ; from which he thinks it fair to con- clude, that it is also more durable." And they 'Essay.s on AsiiciUturc, Vol. III. * \i heniirr -when of (1ip .samf hulk with coinmnn tim- ber, its f'llircs must lir cin.trr tni;rlhir^ be tlurd'orc liss fcrvious Iq moisture, :\atl conscqu;-utly mure durulU. add, that " the navy board, m answer to ihe en quirics of the commissioners of the land revenue in May, 1739, informed them thr.tthey had thei standing some trees stripped of their bark t\V( year= before, in order to try the experiment o building one half of a sloop of war with tha timber, and the other half with timber fellec and stripped in the common way." — '• We an sorry that we are not able to inform our reader- of the re-^ult of the experiment." Commodore Porter and his colleagues of IIk American Navy Boanl, may have it in theii power to make, and can-y into complete etfec the same cxi)eriment. So may fanners possess ed of timber trees. To render tho experimen more fair and conclusire, trees as nearly as pos sible o!' the same size, and growing in the sam( soil, sliould be selected. Growing in the vicini ty of each other, the equality of size will be at indication of an erpnilitij of age, — a point proba bly, of material importance. The-c experiments I hope will be made ex tensively i>y farmers, in preparing their tree^ for (encing, find for carts and other implement- much exposed (ot'tcn unnecessarily) to al changes of the weather. For however plausibb theories may appear, careful experiments alone can determine their correctness. — Experiment: by farmers may very easily be made, in Iheii fences ; by having some panels (or lengths o rail-*) of timber prepared in one way and ther a like number of timber prepared in the other .\t tiie same time too. they can try an expori- ment to ascertain whether, in post and rail fen- ces, tho rails, with their heart edges downwards, will last longer (as the commodore supposes] than with those edges ujiwards, in the modt universally practised. He suggests that the concentric rings (the annual growths) in tree- split into rails, and those placed in fences with their edges upwards, form so many cups or hol- lows, into which the rains and dews tailing on the rails enter ; and ha\ ing no other way to es- cape, soak through the rings to the sap wood and bark on the under side, and thereby hasten the rotting of the heart wood above, I muci) doubt the correctness of this theory. Rails placed with their heart edges upwards, have very sleep r«ofs, by which water spceilily runs off. Their heart-wood soon seasons, and its surface becomes close, without visible cracks But place the broad bark side upwards, the fall- ins; water rests louger upon it, an^l enters the sap wood, often an inch or more in thickness, and as soon as this siiall become rotten, it will bo a spungc to receive and hold water, to soak into and gradually rot the heart-wood below. Such is my view of this subject : but lot experiments bo made. For the purposes of the navy, or oth- er shi,pbui!ding; experiments may also be easily made; though not so satisfactorily as by con- structing a vessel with the two sorts of timber as designed by the Engli.-h Navy Board. An equal number of pieces of timber lolled in the two ditfcrcnt ways, may be dressed to the same sizes, and equally exposed to the weather in all I its changes; and to expedite the result, they may be often immersed in water, so as to be almost daily wet and dry. Hickory (in New England generally called Walnut) grows in many parts of our country. It is a tough and hard wood ; but when exposed to the weather, soon decays ; yet may, it seems be advantageously used in salt waters inlestcd.; NEW ENGLAND FARMER. rd villi worms. Eighteen or twenty years ago, vassin" by a saw mill jjlaced on tide water, 1 iLiservetl some hickory planks. 1 asked the awyer lor what use they were intended. He ' nsivered, for the sluice ways or other water "•i-orks, of tide mills ; because, not liable, like ak, to be eaten by the worms. Passing a few ays ago by some tide mills ou the same streams, mentioned the fact just stated to one of the roprietors. They continue to use hickory for he same purpose, "because, said he, "the worms on"t touch it." Any person inclined to make rials of this wood for such purposes rnay pre- iously ascertain the fact, by sinking two pieces, nc ol' oak and the other of hickory, in waters ''.here worms are known to abound; and after few months takinc;- them up again. TIMOTHY PICKERING. Salem, Sept. 10, 18'21. * From the New England ralladium. DOMESTIC COFFKi'^ I haf^ learned, to my great concern, that tiie ood peo]de of Boston, and some parts of its icinitv, have lately acquired the practice of sing ivhat they call " Domestic Coffee," by ■ay of economy ; and after making some inqui- V concerning it, 1 find some of it to be a com- ound of half IJye and half imported Coffee round togetiier. When I made this discovery, was at no srreat loss to account for the vast umber of persons, who, of late, have suffered mch from weakness in their limbs, and debili- ited systems. Rye is peculiarly calculated to roduce that effect, in whatever way it may be sod — more especially when it has been roast- d and ground with cotTee where everj' particle f fluid is extracted and absorbed in the coffee. Let Rye be ground into meal, and bread lade of the meal be eaten without sifting, and will have an effect similar to opium. Let le bran be given to pigs, and it will make lem lie down and swell with weakness ; hut a erson may eat of the tine meal without wit- essing anv ill etiects. The reason of this is, lat the debilitating lluid is attached to the hull f the grain. Let a horse eat as much Rye as he will, and will destroj' him, by taking away first the rength of his limbs, and then that of hi^^ whole II ody. -i Friend lo Health. k HVWIOPHOBIA. The Baltimore Chronicle gives an account of distressing case of the hydrophobia which oc- urred in that city last week. Mr. Samuel )unham, who was bitten by a mad dog nine .eeks since, died on the 20th ult. in horrid gonies. He was convulsed in every joint; rothed at the mouth ; and it required the trength of two men to hold him in his bed — otwithstanding he was bitten so long arjo, it fas only on Thursday last that he exhibited ecided symptoms of the hydrophobia, and be- ,'lllore Friday night he was a cold corpse. The eceasod, amidst all his spasms and agonies, re- ained the clear possession of his reason to the ast. lie has left a wife and several children. 'I'o the Kditor of the American Farmer. rOU.VDER TN HOr.SFS. Paris, Bouivu7i Co. K'lj, Dear S'ir, .\fter a journey devoid of interest, owing to the lateness of the season, I have arrived in Kentucky, and being desirous of communicating a cure for '• Foundering," recently known ; 1 make one effort to conduce to the value of your present work, the American farmer. One of the writers in your " Farmer''' calls foundering, "chills and founder," and compares it to inflammatory rheumatisms ; I apprehend he does not understand the disease in all its stages ; — it evidently proceeds from surfeit. A horse rode until heated and fatigued, and fed too plentifully while warm and hungry — and swallov.'ing his food too grcedih', that he may lie down and rest his wearied limbs ; — and the stable being wet or damp, and the horse in a copious sweat, arc reasons the best that can be given, for the formation of the disease. Instead of rising up refreshed, the poor ani- mal is stiff and useless. Ifhehadgot leave to cool perfectly, a.-.d been fed sparingly, he would have escaped this sore complaint. The cure is a lump of alum the size of a walnut, reduced lo powder and dis-'olvetl in warm water; the horse must be drenched with this liquid, which in a short time will throw him into profuse perspiration, and he will be able to pursue his journey the next day, and if not liadly foundered, in a few hours. You will keep it out of sight that this com- munication comes from a woman, as 1 wish to escape the '' \^'c.rl^^s JreaJ langh, which scarce " The Tirin philosopher can scorn.*'' Yet it is a fact that I always prized fine horses, and endeavored, by every means in my power, to alleviate their pain. Pray do not put yourself to the expense of sending seed you have to purchase. I hope you received the last seed I sent you enclosed in a letter from Missouri, particularly the " Pra- irie Sensitive Plant" seed. P. S, — The valuable remedy for the founder was communicated by Col. B. Chambers, who experienced its good effect on his own horses, and others. A Cucumber grew this season, in the garden f Mr. Lovell Fames, in Framin^hani, measur- ig 18 inches in length and 7 inches in circum- 2rcncc. — Statesman. (iir The authoress of the above is amongst our most valued and useful correspondents, worth a million of indolent men, who neither write nor think any thing useful to society — and yet who call themselves the Lords of the creation — acting the while the part of sluggish drones — -J'ntgcs consumere naii. From the New Yorlc Mechanic's Gazette. AMERICAN Sir.K GOOnS. Mr. .las. Read has done us the favor to call at our olhce to show a piece of elegant blue strip- ed silk, manufactured by him for a suit of chair and sofa coverings, for the Hon. Mr. Crawford, secretary of the treasury. It is made of Italian and American silk, the latter of which is made at Mansfield, Con. where wc understand that the silk worm is cultivated to a considerable extent. Mr. Read's vest patterns, and watch chains have heretofore received public notice ; they are said to be equal to the best English, and can be afforded on equal terms, but the S^pccimen of silk above referred to (about forty yards) far sur[)asses any thing we expected to see of domestic manufacture for many years to come, and is a flattering specimen of taste and ingenuity, which cannot faif to meet with en- rouragcmont. We hope that Mr. Read ^vill be. favored with similar orders from our wealthy citizens, who can have their taste gratified with any color and pattern they may select. From tlie Boston Patriot. DOMESTIC WI.NE. Wc arc informed that an enterprising agri- culturist in Newton, through whoso altcntioii and a])iilication to the raising and cullivating of fruit trees many of the farms and garden;^ in the vicinity of our city have been furnished with the best of fruit, has this season manufactured seven hundred gallons of Currant Wine. This, it will be recollected, is manufactured by one individual. Should the same spirit of enter- prise prompt one individual in each town in tin- Commonwealth to produce an equal quantity of this pleasant beverage, we should soon need no importations cf common wines, hut might rely wholly upon the product of our own gardens, for a supply for domestic consumption. On Monday, says the Newark, N.J. Ccntinel, we were presented by Mr. Leonard Richards, with a Green Gage, (a species of plum) of aii extraordinary size. It measured six inches in circumference, and weighed 2 1-2 ounces. From the Hainpihirc Gazette. Tobacco. — Experiments are making in Penn- sylvania with the Cuba Tobacco, so celebrated for its line flavor; it promises well and several loads have been cut and housed ; some of the leaves are 25 inches long, and 16 broad. This kind of tobacco is said to be worth jj^Ct) per hundred in the Havana. Cattle. — It is stated in a Hamburgh paper of April last that two oxen raised in the county of Holsfein Ditmarsen, Germany, weighed, after being killed, as follows. Largest ox 44u2 Eng- lish pounds, the second 4034 pounds. Leeches. — It is stated in a London paper that a gentleman after applying eight leeches to an inflammation, deliberately cut off their tails ; notwithstanding which they continued to adhere as before, whilst the blood poured thro' Iheni in an uninterrupted streamT The editor ob- serves that these leeches resemble some state leeches, called ininisters of state. The following experiments were made with a thermometer, at the Navy Yard, in Norfolk, Va. on the 2d inst. At half past 11 the toraperafure in a house was 83 degrees. The thermometer was then suspended in the open air, sheltered from the rays of the sun by a 6/otiU linen umbrella, when it rose in a few minutes to 93. It was next placed under a silk umbrella, and in the same period rose to 97. Exposed to the sun it stood at II-'. A very general alarm prevails respecting thtr danger from canine madness. Measures to aC- fonl greater security to the Citizens have been adopted in most Cities, and are conceived by many, to be greatlj' needed in this. Palladium. 20 NEW ENGLAND FAilMER. Facts a.\d observations nEL.\TiNG to AGRICULTURE fc DOMESTIC ECONOMY. POTATOES ~ Should be du? and housed as soon as they ;trc- ripe, and before the vines arc entirely dead. In this state they generally adhere to and may be pulled out of ground with them; but if they remain in the ground until the vines are quite dead they sejKiratc from the vines, and the ex- pense of digging them will be greatly increas- ed. A sort of an hoe, with prongs or claws like a fork, and fixed at the end of an handle like a common hoe, and which may be had at the Agricultural Establishment of Lincoln Fear- ing, &i Co. ]So. 20, Merciianfs Row, near the old Market, Boj^ton, is said to be very useful, and much superior to the common hoe for dig- ging potatoes, as well as for various other pur- poses. It is said that a very good kind of fodder for horned cattle may be made of potatoe tops, by spreading and dr3'ing them on grass ground in the vicinity of the potatoe field. We are told that in the Southern states, they reap about two thirds the length of the potatoe tops, and dry them on mowing land in the usual v.ay of hay-making. Several tons may thus, sometimes, be collected from an acre, and no damage be done to the potatoes, if the tops are not gath- ered till the potatoes are ripe. The following method of preserving potatoes was communicated by Mr. Millington (England) to the Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor : — I caused, (says this gentleman) three pounds and a half of potatoes to be peeled and rasped ; then put in a coarse cloth, between two boards, and pressed them into a dry cake, hardly so thick as a thin cheese. They were then plac- ed on a shelf to dry. There was about a quart of juice expressed from the potatoes. To this was added about a like quantity of water, and in about an hour it deposited more than sixty grains of white starch or flour, tit to make pas- try. A cake of this was prepared and sent to the Society. In bulk it occupied only a sixth of the compas.s of the potatoes ; in weight it had lost about two-thirds by the process ; but the cake, when dressed with steam or other- wise, will produce nearly the same quantity of food as three pounds and a half of potatoes, properly dressed for the table would do. Some potatoes, quite frozen, have been pre])ared this way, and the cake was perfectly sweet; where- as some of the same parcel that were left, and not pressed, were spoiled in a few days. PARING AND BURNING. A new method of "burning without fire" has been lately discovered. This consists in sub- stituting quick-lime for fire. The lime in its most caustic state, fresh from the kiln, is laid upon the vegetable surface to be consumed ; and before it is wealiened by exposure to the air, a quantity of water just suilicient to put it in powerful action, is applied. This process unites the advantages of burning and liming, and is probably the readiest and cheapest mode of fertilizing soils, which snperabound with veg- etable matter, and for which lime would prove a suitable manure. French mode of making Brandy-Peaches. Preserved fruit is generally cloying, and of- ten tunes unwholesome to the stomach, because of its vtimixed szeectncss., arising from the man- ner in which they are usually prepared. The most grateful ])reparalion of the peach we have ever seen, is that which is accomidish- ed by the following process : Scald them in hot water, then dip them in hot strong lie, rub them with a cloth and throw them into cold water; make a syrup of 3-4 of a pound of sugar to one pound of fruit, and when cold put in an equal quantity of brandy. Aintr. Farmer. BUTTER. The following is given as an improved meth- od of preventing the bitter taste which butter has from cattle feeding on turnips, cabbages, leaves of trees, &.c. Boil two ounces of salt petre in a quart of water, and put two or more spoonfuls, according to the quantity of milk, in- to a pail beiore milking ; if this is done con- stantly, it will prevent the taste of turnips, but it will not be etfected if even once neglected. This has been proved by twenty years experi- ence, and if it does not succeed the fiirmers may rest assured that the fault arises from the neg- lect of their dairy maid. — ibid. " To generate the best kind of seeds, the most healthy plants must be chosen, and those which are most early in respect to the season ; these should be so insulated, as to have no weak plants of the same species, or even genus, in their vicinity, lest the fecundating dust of weak- er plants should be blown by the winds upon the stigmata of the stronger, and thus produce a less vigorous progeny. " When new varieties are required, the male dust of one good variety, as of the nonpareil apple, should be shed upon the stigmas of ano- ther good variety, as of the golden-pi{)pin ; and it is probable that some new excellent variety might be thus generated." Danvin''s Phytologia. Working Oxen. — When oxen refuse to work equally well on either side, or when they pull off against each other, yoke them on the side you wish them to work, and turn them out to feed in that ua}'; they soon become accustom- ed to it, and work afterwards on either side alike. — Amer. Farmer. Dr. Lettsom observes that in general, pies are more advantageous than roasting or boiling. This he illustrates. Of mutton, 64 ounces in a p)je^ made with L'4 ounces of wheat flour, and oaten with 8 1-4 ounces of bread, in all 96 1-4 ounces, dined eight persons fully ; whilst 60 oz. of mutton roasted, and eaten with 'o3 ounces of bread, in all 03 ounces, dined only iive of the same persons. Potatoe Pudding. 12 oz. of potatoes, boiled, skinned and mashed, 1 do. suet, 1 do. milk, that is, two spoonfuls, 1 do. cheese. Mix all together with boiling water to a due consistence. Bake it. Instead of cheese, there may be an ounce of red herring pounded line in a mortar. — Lettsom. Potatoe Bread., in England. A skillet of potatoes, with cold water is hung at some distance over the fire, that the water may ?iot boil., till the potatoes become soft. — Then skin, mash, and mix them with their weight of wheat Hour, and also with the je^ist, salt and warm water wanted. Knead all too-oth. er. Lay the mass a little before a fire to rise • then bake in a very hot oven. Flour of rice of barley may be used instead of that from wheat. Another mode is given by the Board ofdi^ri culture. It directs, to select the most' me'dy sort, and boil and skin them. Break and strain 12 lbs. of potatoes through a very coarse bait sieve, or a very fine one of wire, so as to re diice the pulp as near as possible to a tlour, This quantity makes nine loaves of 5 lbs. each, in dough ; or when baked about two hours, 48 lbs. of excellent bread. Dr. Fothergill says, if potatoe bread is cul beiore it is a day old, it will not appear enough baked ; because of the potatoe moisture. He adds, never slice potatoes with a knife, raw oi boiled, but break and mash with the hand or s spoon, otherwise they will not be soft. Doctor Lettsom next proceeds tO'give the besi soups; according to Mr. Justice Colquhoup. \. Potatoe Soup. — Colquhoun. SteTJi' b poui^b coarsest parts of beef or mut ton, in 10 quarts of water till half done.* Add quantity of potatoes skinned, and some onions pepper and salt.— Stir frequently and boil enough Bones of beef added would increase the soup it richness or quantity. mills Estimate in mills. 5 lbs. coarse beef at 60 mills 30t 13ones, to enrich it - 5J Potatoes 24 lbs. or 1-3 bushel Onions, a bunch Pejiper and Salt - . - It gives 10 quarts of soup, meat and potatoes and dines 10 men at nearly 5 cents. A red h ring is said to be a good substitute for onioi pepper and salt ; but red pepper may be added II. Barley Broth. — Colquhoun. It admits of a mixture of almost every kini of garden vegetable, and is never out of season Onions or leeks and parsley are alwaj's a pan of the ingredients ; besides which, cabbage oi greens, turnips, carrots, and peas may be added A teacup of barley sufiices for a large family.— Pear/ barley is dearer, yet not so good as thi common husked or Scotch dressed barley. Watej 4 quarts, beef 4 pounds, with bones, barley ounces, [Count Ruraford says barley meal is beJ ter than whole barley for thickening broth, ant making it more nourishing.] Ste-u^ all togethe ^ two hours. Then add the herbs cut small, an salt. The whole then boils till tender. Skii off the fat or not, as you like it. Onions or leek must not be omitted. 111. A plain good food, 'dcilh very little meat, an jtj, as 'jihotcsome as can be obtained from xijlicat o barley. — Colquhoun. Cut half a pound of beef, mutton or pork, io to small pieces ; add half a pint of peas, 3 slice< turnips, and 3 potatoes cut very small ; an onioi or two, or leeks. — Put to them 7 pints of watei and boil the whole gently, over a slow fire fo 2 1-2 hours. Thicken with a quarter pound o ground rice, and one-eighth pound of oat meal (or 1-4 lb. pound of oat me;d or barley meal without rice.) Boil 1-4 hour after the thick ening is put in, stirring it all the time. That season with salt and pepper, or ground gingei As only a pint will be lost in boiling, it is a men for 4 persons, and will cost 2 cents each persor IV. Cul into very small bits, 2 pounds of beei mutton, or pork, out of the tub, or hung bee) Ml NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 21 " reslifiicd in water; and jJUt thorn in a pot with is quarts water. Boil nioxa near three hours, ■r ratlier ste-^v till tender. Add 1-4 lb. carrots ir parsnips, and 1-2 lb. turnips, all sliced small, iometimes instead of them a tew potatoes sliced ; ilso add some greens, cabbage, cellery, spinach, )arsley, and two ounces onions or leeks. Thick- •n with a pint of oat meal, (or a quart to make t very thick.) Boil it well together, and sea- on with pepper or ground ginger and salt. It vill serve a i'uniily ni' six for a day. Or it may le thickened with any kind of meal, or barley, leas, beans or rice. V. Take 4 lbs. beef, onions 3-4 lb. turnips 2 bs. rice 1 1-2 lbs. parsley, savory, thyme, of ;ach a large handful, pepper and salt ; water 17 quarts. Cut the beef into slices, and after spiling it some time, mince it small. The tur- lips and onions infused, and sweet herbs may be minced before they go to the pot. Boil the (vhole gci'tlji together about three hours on a ■hxv tire. Scarcely two quarts will be wasted n boiling. The rest will serve 18 person* for 3ne meal. Cost 2 cents each. Where fuel is scarce, the materials in the three above receipts may be stewed in a pot, all oight, in an ov en, and will next day require but 1 quarter hour boiling. VI. Bake in an earthen pot, a shank of beef, n six quarts of water, with a pint of peas, a ieek, and lour or five turnips sliced. COW. The principal distinguishing marks of a good Dow are said to be these : wide horns, a thin lead and neck, dew lap large, full breast, broad Jack, large deep belly ; the udder capacious Jut not too fleshy ; the milch veins prominent, md the bag tending far behind ; teats long and arge ; buttocks broad and fleshy ; tail long, )liable and small in proportion to the size of :he carcase, and lh€ joints short. To these out- ^•ard marks may be added a gentle disposition, I temper free from any vicious tricks, and per- fectly manageable on every occasion. On the jther hand, a cow with a thick head and short leck, prominent back bone, slender chest, belly racked up, small udder or a fleshy bag, short teats, and thin buttocks is to be avoided, as lo- cally until for the purposes either of the dairy, the suckler or the grazier. The milch cow is generally in her prime at five years old, and will continue in a good milk- ing state till ten years of age or upwards. Cows should be milked regularly, morning and even- ing, and always as nearly at the same hours as may be. Some have recommended milking them three times a day, at live, one and eight ; and it is said if they arc full fed they will give half as much again milk if milked thrice as if only twice a day. Those farmers who would make the most of their cows should provide a bull to run in the herd. ON STALL FEEDING. " Stall feeding of bullocks with potatoes, giv- en in different states of preparation, has been for some time extensively practised in Sussex, and is much approved of by many. They there find that a beast of from one hundred and forty to one hundred and sixty stone* weight cats from one to two bushels of the roots in the course of the day, but consumes but little hay, or not much more than ten or twelve pounds in that space of time." " .\nd a careful expcn- inenter, >vho was largely in the )>ractitc of fat- tening oxen wilh them, it is said, gave them up — from the conviction that with every ad- vantage of breed, attention, warmth, and clean- liness in regard to the animals, they would not pay more than four pence the bushel.'" " Further, the Swedish turnip when it is cul- tivated in a proper manner, is a most valuable root, when used with this intention." — " In some trials which we have lately attended to, it was foinul to have the advantage, nearly in the pro- portion of one fourth; and in other experiments, it is said to have gone still farther in this use." " And the proportion in which they are con- sumed by the fattening stock, has been found to be something more than a third of the weight of the cattle" by some ; but by others, about a third in the day, as stated in the Gentleman Far- mer. However, in other experiments carefully made, an ox of from seventy to eighty stone has been ascertained to eat something less than three hundred weight in the course of a day, besides chaff and hay ; and small cows of about thirty stone, one hundred weight and three quarters in the same time. And in the Rev. Mr. Close's trials it was found, that when consumed in stalls and sheds, an acre of^ooi^ turnips, will completely winter fat an ox of fifty score ;" — "When this root in given in the stall, from its very succulent nature, it becomes necessary to employ as much' dry food as possible during the use of it, in order to the expeditious fatten- ing of the cattle by such means." Rees^ Cijdopitdia. Cud fast by an ox or cow, — remedy for. Mix together an equal quantity of sour leaven and common salt, then add a piece of loam or brick clay, equal in weight to the whole : break and mix all these well together, and then add as much urine as will serve to beat it up into a paste. Make this into two or three balls as big as the creature can swallow, force one of these down his throat every tliree days and it is said it will effect a cure. Receipt for American Tokay. A barrel of good new cider from the press Let it ferment, carefully brushing off the froth, as it comes out of the "bung-hole. When the fermentation ceases, draw it off and add as much honey as will give it strength enough to bear an egg ; return it to the barrel which should be washed clean. It will now undergo a second fermentation, which must be treated as the first, and when that ceases, add half a gill of French or peach brandy, for every gallon. Bung it tight and so let it remain until the March fol- lowing, when in a calm, clear and dry day, it should be bottled. — Jlmcr. Farmer. * Meaning probably tight pounds to the stone. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL REPOSITORY AND JOURNAL, FOR JUNE. (Continued from p. 11.) Tlie next article to those which we have before re- marked upon, has the signature, " ^ Roxbury Farmer,'''' and is entitled " A comparison of ttie present with some past seasons." This article we have given at large in the 1st No. p. 2. It appears to be one of a series of similar notices which have for a number of years been published by the same author. Such a Kalendar, reg- ularly kept from year to year, cannot fail of proving of great importance, " if cultivators, instead of consulting the almanack will attend to the indications of nature." Dr. j)'_anc, in hi^< /'ui'/nirV JJictionuri/, cbservcdj " That great naturalist Linnicu?, did not approve cT farmer's confining themselves to certain set days, c-r weeks, for committing their seeds to the earth. 'J'hc- seasons are much forwarder in some years than in otli- ers ; therefore, he, who thus governs himself, will as- suredly sow his annual seeds sometimes too early and sometimes too late. " That a better practice might be introduced, he re- commended it to his countrymen to take notice at what time the trees unfolded their leaves, tc. " In order to reduce to practice so ingenious a hint, an account should be made out of the first leafing, and I may add the blossoming of a variety of trees and shrubs. I suppose trees and slirubs to be most suitable for this purpose, as they are more deeply rooted, and therefore more steady and uniform in their appearan- ces, than any plants which are perennial only in their roots. They are especinUy much more so than annuals. " It is certain that such an account taken in one place will not answer alike for every part of the coun- try ; because the vegetation m every part is not equal- ly forward. Therefore, I would earnestly recommend, that in each degree of latitude, throughout New Erg- land at least, some attentive naturalist would make a list of a considerable number of trees and shrubs, which are near at hand ; carefully watch their appearances, and minute the times of the first opening of their kaves, and also of their blossoming. By comparing the ac- counts, the absurdity will immediately appear, of sow- ing the same kinds of seeds at the same time of the month or year, in the 42d, 43d, 44th and 45th degrees of latitude. " When these accounts are obtained, let trials be made by sowing a certain kind of seed before, at, and after the foliation, or the flowering of some particular plant, and the produce compared. Let accurate ex- periments of this kind be yearly repeated, with all the most useful spring plants ; by this, in a few years, com- plete kalendars may be obtained for every degree of latitude in this country. The consequence will be that the farmer will be able to read the true times of sowing by casting his eye upon the trees and shrubs that are about him. We have already such a rule as this with respect to Indian corn ; but it perhaps ought to under- go a further examination. " But such rules, after all that can be done, ought not to govern us invariably. The right times of seed- ing admit of some latitude, on account of the degree of dryness of the soil, and of its exposure to the solar warmth. Land should have the right degree of mois- ture when seeds are sown on it ; and a southern expo- sure will afford an earlier vegetation than a northern." The statements and views of .4 Roxbury Farmer, are ably corroborated by the writer of the next article, who uses the signature " Indicator." This gentle- man remarks that " If each former or gardener will make his own observations within his own grounds, and always upon the same plants, while in health, and under the same degree of cultivation ; and make his notes with care when the state of the blossom is at the same stage of forwardness, there can be no doubt of its correctness. Let him take his own asparagus bed as an index of the warmth of the ground in the early part of May, and he can judge with great correctness, provided the asparagus bed be always forked and dressed on the same day, or nearly, in the month of April, and with the same quantity and quality of manure : for on this plant the warmth of the soil acts immediately on the root alone, and therefore there can be no better guide ibi 22 NEW ENGLAND FARMF.R. ascertain:nc cut the 7tli of that mouth, why not plant those seeds the 7th when the aspara- gus is (it to cut the tit-st of May ? A poach tree, cherry tree, or a |)lum tree in fjood lioalth, is also a fair indication of the tcniporatiirc of t!ie earth, as i-s tlie apple and pear tree, if always kept in a g-oo.l state, or in a cultivated or plouyh- eil piece of cfroand ; but in the orchard, where the grass is allowed t.j check the circulation, three years out of five, trees are not ^o correct an index as the asparagus bed, or as they them- selves arc when growing in a garden or plough- ed field where the ground is always open, so that the rays of the sun and the warmth of the atmosphere enter with less obstruction. '' I have said that the same plant should al- ways be taken as the standing index, because peaches, ("or instance, of different sorts or vari- eties, and ciierries of different sorts, as well as pears and other fruits, open their buds and blossom sooner or later according to the res- pective habits of each individual or variety ; so that a person who should take one yt^ar an early peach, and the next the late heath as U^ index, might find hiniself very far from correct. " With respect to the rains which prevail in the month of .M.i}', by which seeds are rotted in the ground, 1 apprehend that if the ground be warm enough to excite the germ of the seed farli/ in May, it will as soon be out of danger from rot, as if it be planted the middle of May ; for the rains prevail as much toivurds the la S o i gin to swell, \ pow early peas. Wiiiow buds do. do. I.ilic do. do. do. Asparagus fit for t } i, !>ow flax, oat?, Spring $ \ wheat and .Sprii;g rye. [• \ Plant potatoes, early use. J ( riant a potatoe patcli, able, N < also some pumpkins ) ( near your hog stye. Currants put forth leaves, [■ ■{ Plant garden btans .\pple trees blossom, }■ \ Sow carrots, beets, fcc. White oak leaves as big j < m ^ i .• • as a mouse's ear, °\ | Want Indian corn.' We give the above as something like the/or»n which might be adopted for the purpose of enabling the young and inexperienced agricnltor to adopt some gtncrnt rules for seeding his grounds. The substance of the Kalendar must be established by actual observation, and be the result of good sense operating upon experi- ence. An advantage, which perhaps has not been adverted to, may be anticipated from recording annually articles like that of .'2 Rorburi/ Farmer, in which the times of the annual budding and flowering of plants are noted. The practise will aiFord data for ascertaining with con- siderable precision the effects of cultivation as regards climate. Some philosophers tell us that by depriving the earth of its forests, and opening its surface to the more direct uifluence of the sun's rays, the springs come on earlier upon an average, and the mean tem- perature of the climate is increased. Others den}- these positions, and say that the mean temperature of the climate can ni ither be increased nor diminithed by any changes on the earth's surface, as the quantity of ca- loric emanating from the sun will be the same in cor- responding latitudes, whether such surface he compar- atively rough or smooth ; and that when we expose the earth to the more direct impulse of the solar rays, we likewise deprive it of a mantle which covered it in some degree from the frigid influence of those north- ern blasts which so often bid " winter chill the lap of May." (to be coxti.vued.) * This we believe is Hie Indian maxim alluded to by Dr. Deane as above. jSEW LNGLAJNl) KAllMLK. BOSTOJ^:— SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1822. The Editor would be happy to make his best ac- knowledgments acceptable to certain conductors of newspapers and others whoso talents and stations give them iulluence, for the favorable notices which they have taken of this establishment. The indications of good will, anil expressions of approbation, with which he has been honored, having beep received from gen- tlemen well qualified to appreciate the value of lite- rary and scientific efforts, cannot fail to add stimulus to industry, and elicit every possible eflbrt to realize the favorable anticipations which appear to be enter- tained by min, the acquisition of whose good opinion is an object of high and laudable ambition. Among tliosc to whom we are under great obliga- tions for announcing our paper in terms well adapted to introduce it to general patronage, we shall hold in grateful vememlirance the Editor of the Mannfnctarer.s'' and Farmers'' Juumnl, a valuable paper, printed at Providence, P.. I. \\'e hope we shall not be accused of egotism in giving the following extract from an edi- torial article wbi<51i appeared in that p;ip<-v of the 12tlv inst. since it relates principally to our oliject, which it co.rnct bo arrojance ia uito pronounce to be laudable. and gives, among other topics, a lucid exposition of Hi- benefits which cultivators may hope to receive fro ;i the JN'tif England Farmer, by making it a channel I.m communicating to the public their own discoveries ami improvemeiils. " There are many good reasons for the cstablisb.- ment, in the northern section of our country, of a paper mainly devoted to the interests of Agriculture. 'J he meist prominent is, the great difierence between th- cliviales of the i!^outhern and Northern States. '11 difference, requiring the cultivation, in one section, .; crops which catmot be cultivated with advantage m others, produces, of n«:cessity, different systems of farm- ing. Kvery enlightened cultivator, wherever he may live, has a system of his own, adapted to the peeuliai situation of his land, as well as to the general charar- ter of till- climate under whieh it lies ; (vhich system i- the result eif experience. A number of such men slij.- ulate, f-.r their mutual benefit, that each shall conmiu- nicate to the whole, the result of his own experienr, , and to make a paper, like the one under consideratioj:, the vehicle of co-mmunication. Now the utility of suclr an agreement depends on the limits which are presciii ed to it, and the fidelity with which it is executed, i is plain, that those only who cultivate the same crtj can be mutually serviceable to each other. 'J he plan- ters of Georgia and Caroliiia, whose crops consist prii- cipally cf cotton, rice and sugar, cannot communica'' much useful i.iformation to the farmers of the norlluri. and middle states, who cultivate grain and keep lari; stocks of animals, in a climate where the season i from two weeks to two months shorter than it is with them — nor can they learn of the latter any thing which may be generally useful in their planting. The differ- ence of sod and climate, even between the northern and middle states, is so considerable, as to require, in the one, a s;,stem of cultivation, widely dilferent fror> that which is practised in the other. In every section of our country, therefore, distinguishable from the oth ers by pt culiarities of climate anel soil, and following a system of husbandry materially different from the .sys- tems in practice elsewhere, there ought to be estab- lished a paper which should be made a common medi- um, through which every experienced farmer may convey to his brethren the result of his own experi- ence. Tliis paper shoidd be supported and maele use- ful, I'y a punctual payment of the subscription money, and by a constant supply of original matter." Since the .above was in type we have been indebted to the khietuess of Mr. Skinner, of Baltimore, not only for the common civility of a proffered exchange of papers, but for a complete file of the ciirrent num- bers of the 4th vol. of that excellent work, the " Amer- ican Farmer," together with an elaborate index of the 3d volume, containing three printed sheets. To these highly valueel favors is added a fricntfly letter, in v.hich is evinced a disposition to " strengthen our hands and encourage our hearts," in the duties of our present cmp'IoJ^nent. Vi'e are happy to be assured ei( a fact, (which hideed we had anticipated from Mi . Skiimer's reputation for liberality and regard for the interests of the community,) that the able fMitor of the American Farmer, a publication, which has, not only given a highly beneficial impulse to Ameiican agricul- ture, but whose establishment may be considereel ;.- tlie commencement of a new and brilliant era in it- annals, is willing to regard us as a coadjutor, wortbv to second his efforts in " extending the knowledge ei all discoveries in the science, and all improvements in the practice of Agriculture and Domestic Economy.' Mr, Skinner's approbation cannot fail to be of essentia aehantagc to us, and we would tender in return our tribute of gratitude, ruid proffer the best services iu our power (.o render to him or his establishment. COOKING FOOD FOR C.'.TTLr. .Imong the most useful improvements of modern hvf- banilry may be numbereel the practice of steaming o boiling food for domestic animals. Some acceiunt i-< the crigio of this practice in Great Britain may 1. c NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Ibund in the ^^ Complete G-ra:iir," an rxcelUnt F.ngp- }ish work of high authority, from which the following •is extiarttil " Steamed food may he jivon to milch cows with great a;ivantajo. I'or this important fact in rural cco- MOjiiy, we are indebted to the ingenions and perse\ er-, iug cxptrinuiits of J- C. Curwcn, Esq. M. 1'. whose at- tention to the comforts of Iiis tenants, and judicious r.eal for the improveinents of ajricullure are too well known to reiuire an)- eulogy, in prosecution of a sys teui wliich he had lon^ practised of givini^ cook(-d lood to animals, Mr. C turned his attemion to the cheapest mode of sujiplyinj milch cows wilh it ; and in a com- munication to the society for the eacoura^eicent of arts, &c. (which •«'hs honored with their lesser gold medal) he states his belief that -he has at Irnglh hcen completely successful. He uses a steam boiler of 100 gallons contents,* on each side of which are fixed iJiree ijoxes, containing 11 stonet each of chull', (tlie husks of wheat, rye, &;c.) which, by being s(c-,imotl gain more than one third of their original weigiil. The steam is fonveyed by various stop cocks into the lower part of the boxes ; and thus two or three boxt s may be steam- ed at the same time ; the quantity of fuel required is about 2 lbs. for each stone of chaff. '• In giving the steamed chaff to the cattle, 2 lbs. of oil cake are mixej with one stone of chaff; and the milch cons are fed with it morning and evening, hav- ing an allowance of one stone at each time. On b( ing taken from the steamer the food is put into wooden "boxes, which are mounted on wheels to be drawn to ■Ihe place where it is intended to be used ; and the <;hail' requires to stand some time before it is fit for use. " The average of milk on a slockof thirty-six milch cows, was nearly 13 wine quarts, for 3'20 days. The cows were never suffered to he turned out'; aad to prevent their being lame, their hoofs were properly Vared, and they stooil with their fore feet on clay. One great advantage attending this method was. tliat most if not all the milch cows were in such a condition that, with a few weeks feeding after they were dry, they became fit for the shambles, wilh very little loss irom the first cost. As a substitute for chaff and oil cake, Mr. C. recommends cut hay ; which, v.-hon -teamed, would make a much supenor fond, and he ■ntertains no doubt would greatly augment the miik, 4S well as benefit the health of the animals. Mr. Cur- iven gives cooked food from October to June, nearly ■ight months out of twelve, and his plan of treatment las been adopted by several farmers in different parts >f the kingdom wiili great success." The practice of cooking food for cattle is by no neans a novelty in New England. A simple apparatus or that purpose has been for some time in use among armers of our acquaintance. The following is a brief lesciiption of it. A kettle, holding twelve gallons or note, is sell in a furnace of brick or stone, and over his a hogshead with one head taken out and the other ■ored full of holes. This is set so close that the steam f the kettle, when boiling, can only rise througii the .oles, and thence ascend among tlie articles to he boil- d in the hogshead and pass off at the top. lu this •ay a hogshead of potatoes will be nearly as soon boil- d as a s.-nall part of them could be if placed in the ettle underneath. As the kettle is so closed as to prevent any steam om passing off, but through the bottom of the hogs- ead, a pipe or tube is set in such a manner that with le aid of a funnel water may be poured into the kettle often as is necessary. After poured in, the tube is opped with a plug for that purpose. 4: •.4n engraring of if is given in the SOtk volume or e Societi/^s Ti-ansactions. 1 14 Ills, a stone. X The. "Complete Grazier" contains a drawing ttv4 , script, on of this simple apparatus, which it calls ,. ot-^tcamer ; ojirf observes that if i-as introduced inli' "gland from America. It states that Ike top of Ih' sk, vhich in America '■'■is usually left open, mr'h: oreadmntageousli/ be covered wilh a thick coarse cloth ■ ( whuh )s much bitter, after Ihe vess-l is filled vilh I!'' uhed roots, it is closeli/.clai/ed all round, and the head Grain of all kinds may be steam boiled by this ap- paratus, to great advantage, for feeding or fatteuir.g cattle ; Irut in that case, it is requisite to have the bot- tom of the hogshead covered with a cloth, to prevent th" grain from running down throiigli the holes. llxperiments have been made in Pennsylvania, by which it appears that Indian corn and potatoes will fatten swine one third faster when boiled or steamed then when given to them without any preparation. An .\ddress delivered to the Maryland Agricultural Society, liy their President, Mr. Robert Smith, and pub- lished in the American Farmer, No. 11, Vol. 4, contains the following observations on this subject : " Economy in the feeding of stock is an object of (he highest importance, interesting alike to the public and to the indi\'idual. The great waste of hay, straw, corn fodder, chatf and other offal, apparent on every estate, undtU" the prevailing practice of our country, has suggested to me the expediency of having at my dairy farm a steaming apparatus. Tliis 1 have recent- ly establiihed on a plan so simple and so cheap, that any person in any part of our country may have a simi- lar one, greater or smaller, according to the extent of his farm and the proposed number cif his stock. It consists of an iron boiler and two wooden boxes. The boiler contains 100 gallons. One of the boxes is ei"-ht f-et, the other five feet long ; both three feet wide and three feet dc>ep. The boiler is globular, and was made by screwing together the biims of two salt pans. The re is also attached to it a hogshead for any extra cooking. " Tlie boiler is fixed in brick work, calculated to afford the greatest degi'ec of heat, with the smallest wtiste of fuel. -Without pretending to give directions as to the particular construction of such a furnace, 1 would merely remark, what the physiologists have told us, namely, that heat being produced by the combined operation of the fuel and of the air feeding the fire, that portion only of the air, which passes in contact with the btirning fuel, contributes to the production of lieat, and that, therefore if the fire place should be larger than the he.ap of burning fuel, a certain portion of air wiil insinuate itself without ioing through the fire, and of course, not being decomposed will contribute noth- ing to the heat. "To (he water in the boiler is given all the heat necessary to generate the required steam. The steam is conveyed into the boxes by copper pipes attached to the upper part of the boiler, "and is introduced between the bottom of each box, and a false bottom, consisting of several sheets of copper perfor.ited with holes. Into this chamber, fom- inches high, formed by (he two bo{- toms, the -steam is conveyed, and passing (hrough (b.e holes of (he false bottom, diffuses itself throughout the whole contents of the box, and (bus effectually cooks the great mass of food (herein contained. AVhen suffi- ciently boiled, the steam, by means of a common stop cock, is turned into the other box. At one end of each box, and near the bottom, is a spigot and faucet, by means of which are drawn off the condensed steam and i'quid matter, vrliich had oozed out of. and been ex- tracted from the cooked matciials. This decoction is of a deep chocolate color and highly flavored. It may be given to (he calves, or it may be returned to and mixed with tlie steamed food. It, however, may not be amiss to remark, that when a liquid feed is propos- ed the false bottom is not used. " In the corner of the steam house next to the pumn there is a hogshead of water in which is inserted a leaden tube, the other end of wbicli is immersed in the water of (he boiler and nearly (o (he bottom of if. The admission of the requisite supply of water from this reservoir into the boiler is regulated by a stop cock. And the cold water being specifically heavier than the warm, will necessarily take its place at the bottom, whilst the hot water v.ill remain at tlie top. This simple plan is preferred to the self-supplying valve, which is apt to get out of order. At the top of the toiler there is a safety valve for the escape of all re- dundant steam, the electric force of v/hich would oth- "rwise endanger the wSole establishment.'" (Tb be C07ilinued.') LATEST FROM EUROPE. 'i he ship Triton, C'apl. Busscy, arrived r,t this port on the ]2lh inst. in 30 ilays from Liverpool, and brc't London papers to the 9th and Liverpool paper; to tUe 11th ult. Turkey and Russia have of late made no menacing movements, nor assumed new attitudes either of a hos- tile or pacific nature. The Turks, however, accordiri' to the last advices, continued to exercise the most a(rf- cious crueltii-s on the miserable Greeks — stretching' (heir ferocity to the utmost limits of their power. In the mean time the great Potentates of Europe appear to be gazing quietly on (hose scenes of suffering, and scarcely exhibit a symjiiom of sympathy for the suffer- ers ; thus giving fresh proof of the correctness of the assertion of the moral poet, who says, " there is no flesh in man's obdurate heart." " Pity 'tis" that they have no pity, and well would it be, if changing places with the sufferers, (hose heartless monarchs could " bi- what they behold," till the actual endurance of calam- ity should teach them to put a stop to its infliction. Spain continues in a state of confusion, and " civil dudgeon" adds dome stic calamity to foreign menaces. The king prorogued the Cortes on the 30;h June, en which occasion he made a clever and gracious speech, according with the spirit of the constitution. This, however, did not prevent tunuiUs from talcing place in ^Madrid. Some shouted i\bich shall be adjudged, by a competent Com v^ mittee, to have performed the best nnrk, Tvith '^ the Icust expense of labor ^ not exceeding half an acre to each plough, and of such depth as the- Committee shall direct. First Plough $20 Second Plough $12 Third Plough $:; 5 Ploughman 10 Ploughman 6 Ploughman ^A 3 Driver 5 Driver 3 Driver 2 In each case, if there be no Driver, both sums to be awarded to the Ploughman. The persons intending to contend for these Prizes, must give notice, in writing, to S. W. Po!.iERov, or GoKiUM Parsons, Esq'rs. of Bri"-h- lon, on or before the 2d da}' of October, so that proper arrangements may he made for the pur- pose. No person, w ill, on any consideration, be admitted without such notice. The compe- titors will also be considered as agreeing to fol- low such rules and regulations as may be adopt- ed by the Committee, on the subject. The ploughs to be ready to start at 9 o'clock, a. m. The result of the last Ploughing Matches at Brighton, and the satisfaction expressed by so Cotton, must be of the growth and nianuficture of the State of Massachusetts. And all Manu- factures, when presented, must have a private mark, and any public or known mark must be completely concealed, so as not to be seen, or known by the Committee, nor must the Propri- etors be present when they are examined ; in default of either of these requisitions, the arti- cles will not lie deemed entitled to considera- tion or premium. .■\nimnls. Manufactures, or Articles, may be offered for ])reniium at Brighton, notwithstand- ing they may have received a premium from n County ,\g-ricnltural Society. It is understood, that whenever, merely from a want of competition, any ol' the claimants may be considered entitled to the jueniium, imder a literal construction, yet if, in the opinion of the Judges, the object so offered is not deserving of any reward, the .Judges shall have a right to reject such claim*. Persons to whom juTmi- ums shall be awarded, may, at their option, have an article of Plate, with suitable inscrip- tions, in lieu of money. Premiums will be paid within ten days after they shall be awarded. That in any case in which a pecuniary pre- mium is offered, the Trustees may, having re- gard to the circumstances of the competitor, award either one of the Society's gold or silver medals in lieu of the pecuniary premium an- nexed to the several articles. That if anv competitor for any of the Society's jiremiums sjiall be discovered to liave used any many of their agricultural brethren, will induce All the above Manufactures, except when of | "'e ^'wiet.v to continue these premiums annu- llv, in connexion with the Cattle Show, as an efficacious means for exciting emulation and improvement in the use and construction of the most important instrument of agriculture. Persons intending to offer any species of Stock for premiums, are requested to give notice thereof, either by letter (post paid) stating the article, or to make personal application to Mr. .ToNATHAN Wixsmp, at Brighton, on or before the 8th day of October, and requesting him to enter such notice or application ; so that tickets may he ready at 9 o'clock, on the 9tl# No person will he considered as a competitor, who shall not have given such notice, or made such ap- plication for entry, on or before the lime above specified. All articles of manufactures must be entered and deposited in the Society's Rooms, on Mon- day, the 7th of October, and will be examined bv the Committee on Tuesday, the 8th, the day before the Cattle Show ; and no person but the Trustees shall be admitted to examine them before the Show. The articles so exhibited, must be left till after the Show, for the satisfac- tion of the public. The applicants will be held to a rigid com- l>liance with this rule relative to entries, as well as to the other rules prescribed. The examination of every species of stock, (except working oxen) will take place on the 9lh ; and the trial of Working Oxen, examina- tion of Inventions, and Ploughing Match, ou lli£ lOlh of October. NEW ExNGLAND FARiMKR. The Trii.-^tees also propose lo appropriate, on the second day of the Cattle Sho.v, their Pens for tlu! public sale of any Animals, that have been ollered for prcminm, and also ot any oth- ers, that are considered hy them, as possessing line qualities ; and their Ylalls for the public sale of ManiUactures. Both sales to take place at half past eleven o'clock, precisely. And for all Animals or Manufactures, that are intended to be sold, notice must be given to the -Secre- tary, before 10 o'clock of the 10th. Auction- eers will be provided by the Trustees. By order of the Trustees, J. LOWELL, J. PRINCE, G. PARSONS, E. H. DERBY, January, 1822. Committee. From tlie Boston Daily Advertiser. COXSTRUCTIO.Y OF STABLES. Most of the horses brought into this town from the country, become soon diseased, gene- rallv in the course of the first week, and fre- Hueutly in 24 or 43 hours after they are phced in our stables. It has been frequently ftsked what can be the cause of this sudden alteration in the health of the animal, and it has almost as frequently been answered, a change of air and of food. There is no doubt a change of food has some inlluencc, but the effect is principal- ly attributable to a change of air. It is not however the kind of change, that is generally supposed. It is not the bringing horses from a fresh atmosphere to a salt one, that pro- duces the disease I allude to. It is the brmg- ing them from a pure atmosphere, and confin- ing them in crowded stables, where the air be- ing vitiated bj' respiration, and the effluvia from nnimal bodies, a malignant quality, which being inhaled by horses imacustomed to it, soon de- ranges the system and generates disease ; and So long as our stables are constructed, as they now are, so long will our country horses be sick , when brought into them. We have ali of us heard of jail fever, hospital fever, plague and typhus; and much has been said about the domestic origin of yellow fever, but what jail, hospital or prison ship; or what situation in our streets, or about our wharves, can be found, where the air is so vitiated as in a common stable ? Imagine for instance 30 or 40 horses confined inii space 50 by 30 feet, and 9 feet high, (the scafl'old is generally about 9 feet from the ground) surrounded by a brick wall, without windows, and no ventilators through the roof; and no outlet for the hot air, except at the doors, and those closed at night ; and then consider the fact as stated by Dr. Hales, that a man cannot live in 74 cubical inches of air, one minute, without danger of sutiocation. It is ob- vious, that a horse so situated, must breathe the same air over and over again and not only the air which has repeatedly passed through his lungs, but that which has been breathed many times by other horses, and is filled with exhal- ' ations, arising from animal secretions and excre- tions ; and perhaps too, the planks and timbers of the very stall he stands in, may have been saturated, for years, with excrementious matter, which can emit only noxious effluvia, or what is called animal miasms. It has been stated by a writer of some emin- ence, that three thousand men contined in the compass of one acre of ground, ivould make an atmosphere of their own steams, seventy feet hi;;h, which would soon become pestilential, if it were not dispersed by the winds. After considering these facts, who can doubt what generates disease in horses brought into our stables from the country? The only doubt that naturally suggests itself is, how our horses get along so well as they do. After gettinc: over their first sickness, or seasoning, as it is called, (which requires more or less time, according to the constitution of the horse, and the stable in which he is placed) they go on tolerably well. Their constitutions become assimilated to their situation, as to the air which they breathe, and its effects are not so injurious ; in the same man- ner as a man, may become so accustomed trom habit, to the use of tobacco, opium, and arsenic, that they will not make him sick, jet none will say. that these are not injurious to the human constitution ; and I believe few will say, when the subject is properly understood, that the air in our stables is not equally so to the animal. In making these remarks, I have but one mn- tivej which is to draw the attention of the pub- lic to this subject, in hopes that an alteration in the construction of our stables may be the con- sequence. We have many excellent buildings in this towui occupied as stables, and with a few alterations, they might be made very healthy and comfortable dwellings, for horses. In constructing a stable, the first object ought to be a propfcr system of ventilation. This may be effected in the following way. Let a hole 3 by 4 inches he knocked through the brick wall, immediately above the head of each horse, and another of the same dimensions op- posite to it, and parallel with the floor of the stall. This will occassion a perfect and con- stant ventilation. As it is the property of hot air to ascend, every time the horse makes an expiration, the air expelled from his lungs, be- ing more rare than the surrounding atmosphere, wdl go out at the upper hole, and a correspond- ing quantity of pure air will come in at the low- er hole. No danger is to be apprehended from cold air coming in at the upper hole, upon the head of the horse, as the current will constantly be turned upwards. The rarified and unwhole- some air will escape at the upper hole, and the wholesome air will come in at the lower. As some stables may be so situated, as to render this method of ventilation impracticable, 1 would recommend, where this is the case, that one, two, three or four openings be made through the roof The number ougiit to be in proportion to the length and size of the stable. This may be done in the following wa}'. Let a hole be cut through the scalVold about 3 feet square, and another directly over it, through the root', about 2 feet square, and let a box be inserted, open at each end, of a shape and size, to correspond- to these two openings, and sulTi- ciently long to extend from the under side of the scatTold, through Hie roof. Then let holes be cut through the doors, or through some con- venient parts of the stable, on a jjarallel with the fioor, of equal number and dimensions, as those through the roof. By this method a re- gular and systematic ventilation will be pro- duced. If any one doubts the justness of these remarks, and believes that our present method of stabling a good one, and that horses ought to be kept in a hot air. and covered up with wool- en blankets, let him trj' the experiment upon himself; let him sleep in a heated room, with ten or fifteen others, covered up with clothes, sweat it out for the night, and try the condition he will be in for any kind of employment ' whatever. I cannot refrain here from making one or two remarks upon the very common, but very absurd practice of blanketing horses in the sta- ble, thougli this is a sul>ject which more pro- perly belong; to the maiuigcment of horses than the construction of stables. It must be obvious to every one, who reflects at all upon this subject, that if a horse requires one blanket in a warm stable, he ought to have two when he goes out in a cold storm. Instead of this, when the horse is taken from the stall, his blanket is throw i off, and he is exposed per- haps for the day to the inclemency of the wea- ther, and frequently withotrt much exercise to counteract the ellects of cold. Even the con- stitution of a horse cannot withstand this treat- ment. He soon becomes infirm, decrepit, and broken down. His usefulness is diminished and his life shortened by this kind of iiwiiagement. From the Rhode Island .\mcrican. FARMERS— ATTEjyn. James !-isson, Esq. who lives at Warren Neck, about three miles from the village of Warren, is well known to the publick as an en- terprising Agriculturali^. He is always seek- ing improvements in what is most useful to his fellow-citizens, viz. Orchards, the introduction of new kinds of Grain, the best mode of culti- vating his farm, &c. He imported from Bre- inen,"in November, 1820, two pairs of the larg- est kind of Geese, supposed lo be the largest in the world, weighing when fatted, 20 pounds, and, it is confidently asserted, some weigh 30 pounds- At first he' was rather discouraged, as they would not cat Indian corn, an-d the spring following they sat early and both Geese reared but one to maturity. That one, however, this spring, brought off two litters, and the two old pairs each brought up a litter ; he now has 17 young and 5 old ones., all perfectly white and liealthy, and of full size. They feed and set as well as any of our common Geese ; the young cenie off healthy and strong, and yield about double the quantity of t'eathers. I was at his farm, a few days since, and was highly gratified in viewing on the lawn directly in front of the house, two beautiful flocks of snowy whiteness (he has the common geese, feeding near them, and they resemble ducks in point of size) and 1 have no hesitation in recommending to the farmers of New-England that they introduce this valuable breed of poultry into their barn yards. Mr. Sisson will dispose of a few pairs, if applied for soon, and the opportunity ought not to be neglected. A Fiiend to Agriculture. A'ea) Covering for Floors. — A new material has been introduced and is becoming fashiona- ble in Philadelphia as a covering for floors. It is made of paper, is said to be very handsome, as it may be fashioned in a great variety of patterns, is quite durable, and is only one quar- ter as expensive as Carpets or Oil Cloth. 28 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Facts and observations rei.atlng to AGRICULTURE & DOMESTIC ECONOMY. \V0UKI.\O BULLS. "The bull ii naturally vicious, anil often be- cotnes so mischievous as to cndatigci many val- uable lives ; an evil which wc conceive mi^ht be remedied by training him to labor. For, being tlie only, beast of his size which is in- dulged in idleness, and as he possesses e(|iial strength with the ox, we doulH not, but ii he were properlj' worked, and allowed to indulge his desires during the breeding season, he woidd, by being inured to labor and attended by man- kind become gradually tame, and harmless, as the horse, or any other naturally vicious ani- mal. Several experiments, indeed, have been made for this purpose ; and from their success- ful result, we think the practice of working bulls maybe advantageously adopted; especi- ally as these animals are not only broken in with little difiiculty, and work well, but also because they recover from fatigue much sooner than an ox." — Complete Grazier. REMEDY against ANTS AND SPIDERS. Mr. Clutterbuck, Jr. of Watford, washed the walls of his hot-house with a painter's brush, dipped in a solution made of four ounces of cor- rosive sublimate, in two gallons of water : and since that a|>piication, neither the red spider, against which this remedy was employed, nor auts have made their appearance. Domestic Encyclopedia. CRICKETS. An easy method of destroying crickets is to place phials half full of beer, or anv other li- quid near their holes, whence they will crawl into them and cannot escape. Cats are ver\' fond of crickets ; but the great quantities they consume often occasion their death. Hence it is more advisable to destroy these insects, either by pouring hot water into the holes through which they retreat, or exposing boiled peas or carrots, mashed up with quick-silver, in places which they frequent. Another mode of exter- minating them, consists in placing pea straw near their habitations, and then immersing them in water, together with this straw, to which they are peculiarly attached. — ibid. REMEDY AGAINST VERMIN WHICH INFEST SWINE. Mr. .loscph W. Ballard, of Mount Pleasant, Isle of Wight County, Virginia, directs, in cases where hogs are infested with vermin, to lake " a little tar, and grease of any kind sufficient to make the tar quite thin, then pour it over the hogs, when fed, sufficiently so as to have them quite smeared with the tar; this may be repeated often in the summer and fall, as Icon- ce^e it to be an excellent thing for the health of the hogs — Or in good weather you may give to each hog a small table spoonful of sulphur in the.r food, or in damp weather have them well sprinkled with strong wood ashes ; either of these remedies will prevent or destroy the vermin." — American Farmer. SrENT TAN OR TANNEr's WASTE. This substance is, we believe, valuable for agricultural purposes, and have therefore been sorry to see a great (Jeal of it accumulating in useless piles al)out tanner's yards, and sciittcred about highways and commons. It is probable, however, that if it is employed as a manure in a crude state, it may not prove immediately useful. It would be likely to retain something of the gallic acid, which is we believe unfriendly to vegetation. This acid, however, may easily be neutralized by mixing with the hark a quantity of quick lime. The Complete Grazier informs us that " Oak bark, or, (more correctly speaking,) tanner's ivaste, may be accumulated into small heaps, and mixed with lime and a sufficient degree o! water to keep it moist, and promote its decom- position and putrefaction. It is an excellent manure for cold stifl' soils, whether arable or grass lands ; but for the latter it should be made to approach the nature of vegetable mould as much as po.ssible. The best time of spreading it on grass lands is shortly after Michaelmas, (beginning of October) that the winter rains may wash it into the ground ; as, if it be ai>pli- ed in the spring it will burn the grass, and ex- haust rather than improve the soil fur that season." It has been said that if boxes are made round peach trees about one foot in height, to hold about a peck, and these tilled with the bark taken from tan vats, pressed a little together, the trees will remain free from worms about their roots, which often prove fatal to them. .Spent tan, likewise, we have been told, will preserve fruit trees from the curculio, (a small worm which is found in jierhaps one half the apples and pears raised in New England.) We apprehend, however, that if this substance is intended as a preservative against insects, it should be applied in a fresh state, and without being mixed with lime, as it is probably the acid which proves destructive to insects, and the acid would be destroyed by quick lime. — Another use of spent tan spread about the roots of fruit trees is to prevent a too early vegeta- tion in the spring, and thus the buds and blos- soms escape early frosts. WEIGHT OF SWINE. The Complete Grazier gives the following rules to guard the unsuspecting purchaser a- gainst imposition in buying swine : — " When swine are fat, it appears from actual experi- ments that every twenty pounds of live weight will, when killed, produce from twelve to four- teen pounds clear weight. Where the hogs do not exceed twelve stone of fourteen pounds to the stone, the weight will be twelve pounds ; if they be of a larger size, it will be upon an ave- rage about fourteen pounds ; so that if a larmer or breeder weigh his beasts while alive, he will be enabled to ascertain the net profitable weight when dead; and likewise by weighing the hogs every week to fix the best time for disposing ol' them to advantage ; because, as soon as an ani- mal ceases to acquire that daily increase, which makes it beneficial to keep him, the best step that can be followed is to sell or slaughter him without delay." MANGEL Wl'RTZEL. A writer in the Farmer's Journal, an English periodical publication of much merit, in treating of the culture of Mangel Wurtzel, observes that '' Having noticed the issue of an innumerable quantity of small lateral fibres from the sides of this plant during its vegetation ; considering them conductors of nutriment, and that putres- cent vegetable or other matter was the be-i pabulum, a compost of dung and soil (preparcii in autumn^ was ploughed in with tiie whe;i stubble ; the succeeding ploughings. harrowinv-. i;c. well mixed it with the soil. This was the largest crop 1 ever cultivated or have seen ; which I attribute, in a srreat measure, to the intimately mixing the manure with the soil." " This remark," says the editor of that jniper, " is doubly important, as it shews that autumn ploughing, and broadcast dunging (performed in autumn) are best for mangel wurtzel." SCRAPINGS OF ROADS, AND MCD FRO.M SWAMPS, &.C. .Some little knowledge of chemistry seems in- dispensable for the proper management of ma- nures. A writer in the Farmers" Journal states in substance that turnips manured with scrap- ings from the city road, consisting chiellv of ballast ground to powder, enriched with the droppings of cattle, grew very vigorously until the bulbs should have swelled, when they all turned yellow and died, notwithstandinar they were, from time to time, well watered. The same writer says, •• The experiments of Mr. Malcolm prove that scrapings from gra\ el roads may be generally suspected of containing quali- ties injiirious* to vegetation, although the drop- pings of cattle, &ic. mixed therewith, give a temporary vigor to the plant. On the other hand, scrapings from chalky roads, or any calca- reous stone may be very useful on suitable soils." We have likewise know n swamp-mud, appar- ently rich, hut mixed with sulphate of iron (copperas) (as was manifested by that kind of scum on the water drained from the swamp which denotes the presence of that metal) dis- appoint the expectations of farmers, who used it for manure. This may be easily accounted for. " Vitriolic impregnations," according to Sir Humphrey Davy, '"in soils where there is no calcareous matter, are injurious, jirobablv m cons;_'quence of their supplying an excess of ferruginous matter to the sap. Oxide of iron i in small quantities forms a useful part of soil', and probably is hurtful only in acid combina- tions." The remedy, in such cases, is simple, and is thus pointed out by Sir Humphrey Dav\ . " If on washing sterile soil it is found to contain the salts of iron, or any acid matter, it mav be ameliorated by the application of quick lime. A soil of good apparent texture from Lincoln- shire, was put into my hands b« Sir Joseph Banks, as remarkable lor sterililvT on examin- ing it, I t'ound that it contained sulphate of iron ; and 1 offered the obvious remedy of top dres- sing with lime, which converts the sulphate into a manure. "t The sulphuric acid ol the sulphate of iron, combines with the lime and forms sulphate of lime, which is Gypsum, or Piaster of Paris. GOOD HINTS. The following, extracted from an .\ddress by .Mr. James Garnett, President of the Fredericks- I'urgli Agricultural Society, delivered belore that Society at an anniversary meeting, may be found well worth the attention of those whom it mav concern. '• I here beg leave to offer, (although I know that 1 shall receive no thanks for it) a stigges- * Probably sulphatf of iron (copperas) or some other combination '>i'acifi« willi metals. t Ag;ricultural Chemistry, p. 141, Philadelphia ed. NEW ENCLAND FARMER. 29 tio;i to nil makers oi" pati^nrcJ asricultural iiii- I'lrments. This is to calculate well before they t\\ their ])nces, whether they could not make t;rvitoi' profits by selhnsj at lower rates. 1 kiunv a maker of cast-iron ploug'hs, tor instance, who, allhoMcrh he has considerably reduced his p; ; es, still receives at least twenty cents per pi vi.ul tor th'm, as I have ascertained by actual w :?hiii£;', when common castings, the monopo- ly of which is not secured by patent, sell from ^\\ to ei^ht cents! This dilTerence, I think, / IV well be called an exorbitant exaction ; and my certain knowledge it has prevented mam ii: i-s from using, notwithstanding they highly liove lb' ra. Now, although I ivould be one uie last men in the world to withhold liberal I I luiragement from new inventions, yet I must . tliat some ot the authors of them appear to I iuire other restraints than those which their iiwii consciences and our patent law afford. — Tiiat any very useful discovery should enrich the man who makes it, 1 think all quite fair ; liin his riches should result rather from the ex- ili^ive right of selling his invention, . and the I'i iihicts thereof, than from his extravagant jHolils on the articles which he vends beyond what they would command if he bad no mouo- pnly."* Extracts from an Address delivered before the Pliiladelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, at its annual meeting on the loth Jan. 1822. '• It was stated two years ago by one of the Vice-Presidents of this Society, that the average cri-p of wheat in Lancaster count3> which is considered the richest in the state, did not pro- bably exeecd fifteen bushels per acre. Now llie average of all France is more than eighteen bushels — the average of all England twenty-four — and in some counties, as in Middlesex and the Luthians, forty. With regard to rents, it is not t asy to speak with accuracy. If we except the alluvial meadows near this city, which rent for nine or ton dollars per acre, 1 should not esti- mate the avenige rent of cleared land with im- provements within the district just mentioned, at more than two or three dollars. In Italy, in England, and in Scotland, lands not particularly favored by vicinity to markets, lent for from Sixteen to twenty dollars, and in the neighbor- hood of large cities, from thirty to forty dollars. The causes of this inferioritj' may be discov- ered in two characteristics of our farming — a disjiroportionale capital, and an inefficient cul- tivation. The first is a striking deficiency. Agriculture, though a very common, ii not, I think, a favorite pursuit in Pennsylvania. It attracts few from the other classes, and its ranks are rather thinned by desertion than recruited by volunteers. The enterprising shun it for its iiiictivily ; the gay from its loneliness; the pru- '■ !!t from its unproductiveness; so that altho" J I eat proportion of the wealth of the state is •I in land, an exceedingly small capital is '>ted to farming. We too often exhaust our ■ ns in clearing or purchasing a farm, leaving ;ctly any resources for stocking and culli- \aiing it. Now an English farmer, with a cer- tain capital, rents a farm, as a manufacturer rents a house, and devotes his capital to extract .Irom it the greatest possible produce. Accord- ingly his proceedings seem almost incredioie to the possessors of large American farms. It has * "ree Americau Faruicr. May 3, 1822.- becoiTi!^ a settled maxim of English husbandry, that before occupying good arable land, a capi- tal of from thirty to forty dollars per acre is necessary. On an estate of three hundred acres, therefore, a farmer begins by exp"nding in ]ire- parations nine thousand dollars ; and his annual disbursements in labor, manure and other arti- cles, are about five thousand dollars a }'car. His operations are all on a proportionate scale. To contract to pay a rent of liventy or thirty thousand dollars ; to expend in a single year on lime alone, eleven thousand dollars; to pa^- two thousand dollars a year for rape cake to manure lurni|)s ; to make a compost heap costing four thousand dollars ; sucii are the combinations of wealth and skill to produce good husbandry. These we cannot, and we need not imitate. But they may teach ns that we should measure our enterjirises by our means ; and that an ill managed farm can tio more be profitable than an empty factor)'. Men praise the bounty of nature. It is much safer to rely on her Justice, which rarely fails to reward our care and avenge our neglect. Our farms, then, though small, are generally too large for our capitals ; that is we work badly too much ground, instead of culti- vating well a little. It is wonderlul, indeed, bow profusely a small spot of ground will re- ward good husbandrj-. There are in Itai}' hun- dreds and thousands of people, living on t'arms of I'roni four to ten acres, and paying to the owner one third or one half the produce. The whole straw for the Leghorn bonnets, by the exportation of which in a single year five hun- dred thousand dollars were gained, would grow on two acres. There are in Switzerland some hill sides, formed into terraces, which have sold for two thousand dollars an acre ; and in fortu- nate spots for gardening, as near London, a sin- gle acre will yield a clear profit of from eight to nine hundred dollars a year. These exam- ples may perhaps explain, hcrw without the great capitals of England, and without diminish- ing our tarras, we may gradually render them richer and more productive by judicious cul- ture."' BARN Y.\RDS AKD STERC0R.4R1ES OR MANURE HEAPS. The following humorous exposition of the faults of some farmers, as respects the economy of their barn yards and stercoraries, is extracted lYom an Address to the Ma.ssachusetts Agricultu- ral Society, by the Hon. Josiah Quincy. " As we proceed to the farm we will stop one moment at the barn yard. We shall say nothing about the arrahgements of the barn. They must include comfort, convenience, pro- tection, for his stock, his haj', and his fodder, or they are little or nothing. ' We go thither tor the purpose only of looking at what the learned call the stercorary, but which farmers know by the name of the manure heap. What is its state ? How is it located ? Sometimes we see the barn yard on the top of a hill, with two or three fine rocks in the centre ; so that what- ever is carried or left there, is sure of being chicHy exhaled by the sun, or washed away by the rain. Sometimes it is to be seen in the hollow of some valley, into which all the hills and neiochboring buildings precipitate their wa- ters. Of consequence ali its contents are drown- ed or water soaked, or what is worse, there having been no care about the bottom of the lecoptacie, its wealth goes off in the under strata, to enrich possibly the antipodes. " Now all this is to the last degree wastet'ul, absurne of the same size (six to the pound) with cotton wick, lasted but 5 hour*. Agreeably to this experiment, a pound of candles will last forly- fwo hours, when they would only last thirty made the usual way. SAIL CLOTH.— Wc are ploa'od to bo able to announce the successful establishment of a manufactory of Sail Cloth, on a new and improv- ed principle at Stoncham, near this city, by a Mr. JoiiNsox. Bolts of Jifl'erent numbers" of Mr. J's manufacture have been sent tor inspection to the Charlestown Navy Yard, whose fabric has been declared by competent judges, to be decidedly superior^ in beauty and streni^th, to any article of this kind ever exhibited in the U. States. — Boston Statesman. WOOL. — A correspondent informs us, that from January 1st to June 30th, of the present year, there has been imported into this district Irom foreign ports, one hundred and niartij seven thousand nine, hundred and four pounds of Wool. A very sound reason for our farmers to grow more of that useful article, as it will coinmand readily the money, from thirty-two to sixty cents per pound. — ib. The Long Island Farmer states, that eleven pounds of well washed fine white wool was sheared, a few days since, t'rom a merino buck belonging to Mr. James Scott. — jV. Y. Gazette. Canada Thistle. — Mr. Butler states from his own experience, for the information of farmers and agriculturists, that if the Canadian thistle is cut down in this month it will decay, for these reasons : the seed will be rendered abortive, and the stock, which is hollow, will fill with water and destroy the plant. Ulster Pkheiun. Easy cure for the Ague. — When the fit is on, take a new laid egg in a glass of brandy, and go to bed immediately. This very simple re- ceipt has cured a great many, after more cele- brated i)reparatioiis have proved unsuccessful. Jlrsenic. — A man, says an English paper, was poisoned in a very singular maimer. His physi- cian prescribed for him a dose of arsenic and sent it to a druggist to be yiut u|). The drug- gist ha\ ing adju'^ted his scales with the proper weights, turned to get the arsenic ; while in the act of getting it, a worm or catterpillar crawled up the scales in which the weights wore, and in this situation added its own weight, which occa- sioned the dose to be too large, and thus des- troyed the patient. Dense Population. — .Vt Pawtucket, near Prov- idence, on an area of from eighty to ninety acres of land, there are three hundred and sev f.niij seven families, and tzco thousand three hun dred and ninety Jhrce individuals. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. liOSTOX.—SATVlUJJlY, AUGUST 24, 1822. A friend to our establislimt-nt, and a member of the Massachusetts .4?riciiltMial .Society, liaving- suggested to us thp propriety auil probable utility of republishing till- Notice of the Cattle Show, List of Premiums, &c. with which this number commences, we have given it a place to the exclusion of some others articles intend- f li/{f l- valrc, which is apt to get out of order.'''' Sec our lu.- A~o. p. 23, 'id col. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 31 loss of liiat iVoin cold air coming in contact with its iuternal surl'acc. When a boiler of this kind is constructed on a large scale, the Count mentions that the seven descending lubes may be made of cast iron, and the rest of the boiler sheet iron, or copper; and thinks that when of this construction, it will cost less than one of equal surface of the usual form. A Mr. Lloyd obtained a patent in England for a boiler, which is described in substance as follows : Tlie bottom of Mr. Lloyd's boiler is introverted, so as to form a cavity which would nearly hold as much as the boiler itself, if it were reversed ; the sides of this cavity are somewhat conical, and from the top a pipe passes out at one side through the cavity of the boiler to the air ; the whole boiler or kettle is surrounded by an external case, a Tittle distant from it all round, clos- ed at top, and having a small opening at the side to give vent to the smoke. The small pipe adds some- what to the effect, but is not absolutely necessary. For large boilers the cavity at the bottom need not be 90 large in proportion as that described. If it rises into the boiler a third of its depth, it will probably be sufficient. The flame and radiant heat of the fuel is reverberated in all directions in the cavity of the hol- low bottom, and must (says the inventor) have much more effect than what can be produced by its uncon- fmed lateral action against the external sides of a num- ber of upright tubes, however well arranged. A patent for " a new method of applying fu'e for the purpose of heating boilers,'" Szc. obtained in England by Mr. Thomas Rowntree, has the following descrip- tion : " For heating of coppers, boilers, furnaces, ovens, and stoves, my fire place is much smaller tlian hereto- fore made use of for the same sized copper, boiler, fur- nace, oven or stove. Instead of placijig my fire-place, according to the common practice, immediately under the boiler, or other vessel, I place it at the front side Dr end, as I see most convenient, in such a manner as lo oblige the flame to rise in the front-side or end, and pass all round the vessel, &c. while at the same time It strikes the bottojn of the vessel, &c. without suffer- ing the flame to pass off in a flue, or flues, .as it usually loes in the common way, and by that means sending -he heat into the flues, instead of its being used where t ought to be, namely, on the vessels, Sic. ; this my Tiethod effectually prevents; for. by means of a small jcrpendicular, or other opening into a box or trap, which I call a reservoir, and which I place horizontally ^|)r diagonally, as the situation may require, and is inade of iron, brick, stone, or any otiier material capa- jle of bearing heat, where a valve is placed, riding on centres or otherwise, and standing in a diagonal or oth- .^ T direciion, as is found most convenient, the flame is returned or impeded in its progress to the chimney, and nade to descend below the bottom of the vessel, and )ass out at the bottom, top, or side of said box, trap or escrvoir, into the common chimney. This reservoir is " )!aced between the vessel, &c. and the chimney. To he opening which admits the flame into the reservoir, .re affixed, when necessary, sliders, registers or stops, rhich serve to increase or diminish the heat. The 'alvc in the reservoir is for the same purpose in anoth- I r degree, wliich more immediately appertains to in- Ireasing or diminishing the draught, which it does by lioving the said valve into different positions, as the ^ Ipeed of the operation may require.'"* if The above described boilers, and method of applying eat to them, or something like them, may perhaps be found expedient for farmeis, who perform their opera- tions on a large scale. But for common use we believe a five pail kettle so called set in the common way and filled about half full of water, would fully answer the purpose. Steam at the temperature of boiling water, Mr. Smith thinks is best adapted to the purpose of steamhig roots and other food for cattle. At this tem- perature, steam occupies about 1200 times the space of water ; or one gallon of water reduced to steam of the same temperature with boiling water, will furnish 1200 gallons of steam. It is true that steam when it first begins to operate on roots and other cold raw substan- ces must be somewhat rapidly condensed. But if the apparatus is tight, or if even a coarse thick cloth is thrown over the vessel in which the food is steamed, as recommended by the Complete Grazier, the whole %vill speedily become so much heated that the steam will be but slowly condensed, and of course the supply from the boiler need not be very copious. V>'e cannot, therefore, see for what purpose connected with the steaming of any reasonable quantity of dry food for cattle, a boiler of 100 gallons capacity should be need- ed. In preparing liquid messes for cows giving milk, &c. by the agency of steam, its expenditure will be great, in consequence of its being condensed by contact with cold water. But that steam may be made a vehi- cle for conveying heat with very little waste by evapo- ration, has been proved by actual experiments. We shall cite one in this place. A letter from Mr. Robert- son Buchanan, Civil Engineer, Glasgow, is published in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine, vol. xxxviii, p. 7G, from which the following is extracted. " A place of worship has been for a considerable time heated by steam on a most simple plan, so as to require little or no attendance, and docs not require any icater wkiiltver to be added lo ihat first put into the boiltr, above thrice in a winter.'''' We believe in this case the furnace and boiler were placed without the building which was heated by the steam, and the steam was conveyed by suitable tubes from the boiler into metallic vessels or reservoirs placed in the apartment which was warmed by its agency ; and the tubes and resei'A'oirs were so arranged that when any part of the steam became con- densed it ran back into the boiler. (^Concluded in our next.") . Fur farther explanation of this method, see U'il- j) cft'i Domestic Enci/cloiicdia, Art. Boiler ; lil.cuu', iepcrluri/ of ^irls, ml. rii; p. 1. First Series. SU.MMARY OF CVRRE.VT EFE.VTS. A late arrival from Gibraltar has brought intelligence from Spain to the 11th of Jujy. B}' this it should seem that things in that quarter wear a very menacing as- pect. The population is divided into three parlies, viz. The advocates for unnu*xed democracy — the stick- lers for the old order of things, an absolute monarchy — and those who are friends to the present constitution, or a limited monarchy. On the return of the King from adjourning the Cortes, his carriage, was beset by riotous assemblages, and his guards, bting pelted with stones, fired on the assailants and compelled them to disperse. The next day (.Inly 1st) sanguinary scenes were an- ticipated, but nothing realized worse than menacing words and movements. But during the night four reg- iments of guards left their barracks, and encamped a league to the northward of Madrid. Many of their of- ficers, and some privates, however, refused to accom- pany them, and joined a guard left in the Palace, The seceders, amounting it is said to about 4000, appointed a Frenchman (whose name is not mentioned) leader, and took the road to the French frontiers, avowing themselves to be friends to absolute monarchy. They were followed by Gen. Morillo, an officer faithful to the constitution and existing form of government, who attempted to persuade them to return to Madrid to protect the King, and perform their other incumbent duties. This they refused to do, and in their turn at- tempted, in vain, to seduce him from his allegiance. The King remained at Madrid, to which tranquillity had been restored. He is considered as Uie Icaijtr of the Constitutionalists, and has been called upon to put himself at the head of the militia and march against the guards. This step, which would be the commenci - ment of a civil war, he does not appear to be prepared to take. The following (says the Centinel) is an extract of a letter from a well-informed American gentleman in Gibraltar: — '■ Gibraltar, .lalt/ '\\. We have very se- rious accounts from Madrid. The Anti-conslitutioii;tl party are taking measures lo reinstate the old order of things — an unlimited monarchy, privileged clergy, tc. The country is in a stati- of anxious disquietude, and much blood is about to be shed in civil strifi', Spain is in a wretchedly forlorn condition, and her capilalists an- getting their jiropevty out of ji iipardy. Nearly a aiillion of dollars have been remitted to this place within, afortniffhl.''' An article from Curacoa, by the way of Norfolk, states that Gen. Bolivar had fought a battle with the Spanish General Cruz Mourgeon, on the borders of Upper Peru, which lasted all the day, and that Boli\ar was compelled to retrt at the next morning. The for- ces were stated to have been GOOO on each side ; that the patriots lost half their army and one g( neral ; and that the loss of the Spaniards had been uncojnmonly severe. Complaints (says the Palladium,) are loud in Eng- land against the Bank, for not adopting some plan to render the counterfeiting of their bills more dilficuU, and the impositions and executions Itss frtquent. Mr. Perkins' mode has been adopted by most of the private Banks in England, and by the new Bank in Portugal. A battle is said to have taken place between the Turks and Saliots, which lasted three days, in which the Turks were deft ated with the lo->s of COO men tak- en, including fifty eminent Turks. There seems to be no prospect of war between Rus- sia and Turkey. On the contrary, a Vienna Gazette says, " We expect a declaration from the Emperor of Russia, by which he will detach himself from the Greek cause." In France there have lately been' some attempts to organize insurrections against the existing government. It does not appear, however, that they were successful. A public dinner has been given at the city of London Tavern, to Don Francisco Zea, Vice President and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Colombia. The wheat harvest had commenced in England, previous to the date of the last intelligence, and is said to be very productive. A great part of a late No. of the " Farmers' Journal, (an agricultural newspaper printed in London) is filled with details of Irish distress. A writer upon that sub- ject observes that ^^ beyond all doubt government will have to support the entire population of Ireland, before twelve months elapse, if it persist in refusing to allow a sufficient supply of legal tenders. The author of Waverley is engaged in writing a ncM' novel, to be called " Peveril of the Peake." It will he publislied in the antumn. .M.iKRL/lGES. In this city, Mr. George Bell, to Miss Mary Gardner. In .Mantanzas, Mr. Michael S. Tracy, formerly Of this city, to Miss Louisa Andrea, of M. DE.1THS. In this city, Mrs. Therese Kenny, wife of Mr. Asa K. 47. — Mrs. Mary Forsaine, wife of Mr. Nath'l F. 4h. .Mr. William Todd, 75. — Mr. .lames Ft nno, 62.— Char- lotte H. daughter of Capt. Pardon Gifford, 15 months, killed by falling from a chamber window. — Mrs. Sarah L. Draper, wife of Mr. Edw.ard D. C7. — Widow Lydia King, 77. — iMrs. Rachel, wife of Mr. Selim Hayden...— \A"idow Lydia Hunt, 69. — Mr. Horace Fairbanks, 27. — Emily, daughter of Mr. David A\ hiting, 2 yrs. S mo. In Taunton, Miss .Augusta Thomas, 19, daughter of the late Mr. Isaiah T. .Ir, of this city. In Mantanzas, Mr. Worham Pritst, of Boston. Deaths in N. Y. last week, 102— In Philadelphia 51, 32 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. O.N THE LMLb Oi BY T. C A MISIJIIUAOUS FESSESDEN. Many have fallen by the edge of the award, but not so many as have fallen by the loiifrue. Eccl. Apoc. xxviii, 8. Tho' millions the sword of the warrior has slaughter'd, While fame has the homicide's eulogy rung ; Yet many more millions on millions are martyr'd — Cut otf by that cowardly weapon, the tongue. One sword may bn match'd by another as keen, In battle the bold man a bolder may meet, But the shaft of the slanderer, flying unseen From the quiver of malice, brings ruin complete. An insolent tongue, by a taunt or a gibe, Enkindles heart-burnings and bloody affrays ; A treacherous tongue, when impiU'd by a bribe, The guiltless condemns, or a nation betrays. A smooth subtle tongue vile seducers employ The fair sex to lure to libidinous thrall ; A slip of the tongue risay its owner destroy, And the tongue of the serpent occasionM the fall. Then be it impressed on Columbian youth. That the tongue is an engine of terrible force ; Not govern'd by reason, not guided by truth, A plague, which may desolate worlds in its course. From the New York Statesman. O.V THE WILD IJs'DIGO PLAJ^T. jVIessrs. Editors, While we are anxiously copying the manipu- lations of European artists in our dyehouses, we are neerlecting to use an indigenous plant, far more valuable than any thing contained or used in Europe. Our blue dyers began with tl^e ash vat, described by Berthollet, and others, and I which Dr. Bancroft infonns us, " is so costly, as to be chiefly employed to dye silk." If this tvere the only objection, it would in itself be sufficient to induce an alteration ; but w hen in addition to this we know that the color is not so bright, or so permanent, as when indigo is fermented by some vegetable basis, containing in itself the primitive coloring matter, we shall be much surprised that this mode of dying has been so long continued. The plant used by Europeans, from time im- memorial, to ferment their blue vats, has been the isatis, or woad, which is indigenous in Eng- land and other parts of Euro|)e. It is not sur- prising, therefore, that it shou!:i be used there, as nothing better offered itself; but tn the U. States we have the wild indigo plant, growing abundantly every where, that possesses all the valuable fermenlative properties of woad, with twentv times as much coloring matter, and giv- ino- a tint that for permanency and brilliancy is unrivalled. " It is well known, according to Mr. Clark- son, that the African dyes are superior to those of any otiicr part of the globe. >•• The blue is so much more permanent and beautiful than that which is extracted from the same plant in other parts, that many have been led to (loulit whether the yVfrican cloths brought into this country (England) were dyed with ui- digo or not. They apprehended that the colors in these, which became more beantiful upon washing, must have proceeded from another weed, or have been an extraction from other iveed.? which are celebrated for dying tliere — The matter, however, has been cioarly ascer tained ; a gentleman procured two or three of the balls, which had just been prepared by the Africans for use ; he brought them home, and upon examination found them to lie the leaves of indigo rolled up in a very simple state." Having noticed the above article in Dr. Ban- croft's incomparable work on permanent colors, I was induced last fall to collect some of the jilant, not with an intention of coloring with it, as I had no means of preparing for that jiurpose, but to use the woad \ats m place of swill from bran and madder, to assist their fermentation, which were weak, owing to the woad being of an inferior ciuality. I gathered nearly a cart load, too late in the season to obtain it in matu- rity, and bad it boiled, and used the liquor when wanting. The plants were too old to retain much of those succulent juices in which their value chielly consists, yet it answered the in- tended purpose, for the liquors so long as I was enabled to supply them with it, worked much freer and more vigorous, than in the usual way, and although this experiment was not decisive, for want of a sufficient quantity, and from the plant being too old when gathered, yet 1 am convincedljy the effect produced that it may be used to great advantage. As the indigofera is found every where in the United States, and in many places m great abundance, it would seem desirable that some experiments should be made on it, to test the superiority attributed to it, of which there ap- pears but little room for doubt ; for if this were established it would become an object of great national importance, inasmuch as the color made from it, would be superior to those ob- ta!ne=cripfion are er production of horn, nl-.ich has grown into a frequently large, flat and thin, thouj:h there are state ol exuoerance in some parts, and is worn also some which are verv thin, lull not out of and broken in other-. AVhen the hoof is dives- proportion in si/e : both kinds ari> uidformly run- ted o( these exuberances in the same way, as v:c ca\e on the front i)art of the crust, and curl up cut our nails to keej) them in a lit state, 1 con- at the toe, in proportion to the extent of the sider that the proper time to look at the hoof, defect, it is equally observable, that the cru>t to observe its natural shafie. It will then appear in feet of this description, is uncxen on the sur- that the base or bottom of the crust descends to face; being frequently indented, wrinkled, aud the lowest part of the foot, and I'rojects beyond having a rin^like appearance." the sole, and is that i>art which the hor-e rests Snnill Fed. — '' It is, not unfrequcnt to see large ujion. It should therefore be thick, tlnn and horses, but chielly among those which are *'''°"2;. thorough-bred, with small feet. The bass of "As the crust is that part on which the shoe the feet of these horses not being broad enough rests, and to which it is nailed, it is \evy im- to support the superincumbent weight, they are porlant that it should be perfect in thickness consequently insecure on their legs, and soon and strennfth. The bars or hinders, being a re- break down." flection or continuation of the crust, should he tirm and strong, and should have an oblique poBition in the descent to their imion willi the bottom of the frog. The sole should also be tirmly and unlbrmly united with the crust and bars, and be strong and concave." " Th Large Feel. — " There is likewise a class of horses with feet of a form the reverse of the last described, having no particular malforma- tion, but being too large and unwieldy," " When such horses are required to work, the weight of the foot has a manilest effect on their e frog, which is uneven in its sur.lice, be- action, rendering it slow and clumsy * S EXPLA.VATIO.y OF nijil CUTS. Fio. 1. — Natural hoof, -aiut rf-prc-sentation of tlic French metlioii of diivinjf tlic naile within tlic crust, and going througli a portion of the sole. Fig. 2. — Contracted hooC Fic. 3. — Convex sole, or pumiced hoof. Fig. 4. — Flat thin hoof, with weak low heels. Fro.Ti the American Fr.rmer of Anjust 23. I have given a full account of these sheep in the 2d volume of the Pliihulelphia Agricultural TUNISIAN SHEEP Memmrs. My opinions continue unaltered; and ,,, , . , . J- ,1 rii ■ 1 had supnosed the subject to have been ex- We have ctc at pleasure in recording the rollov,in» , , , . 1 • • • j- 1 authentic history of an importation of ■funisian Sheep, hausted. I have no desire to revive it, turlher and we i)articularly desire that our correspondents than to answer your queries as fully as historical would furnish us with accounts, as detailed, respecting facts require; and that with no personal objects, every impi.rtalion of Live Stork, which has come witli- | ^^ „(,( relate the circumstances to blazon mv ,n their knowledge ; and especially when the facts ^^^^^ exertions, but under a persuasion that a use- 50 conclusively demonstrate the t<'ndency ol agricuRu- _ , , \ , /- .1 1 .1 rul pursuits and subjects to inspire all who .mhark ^u' moral may be drawn from them. I am the therein, with a liberality of feeling and design which, only person acquainted with the whole subject, so far from admitting the idea of venal rivalry or sordid to which I do not mean to give more importance monopoly, hid every one generously welcome to the thaii your inquiries seem to elicit. Col. Pickeriii'.;, fair enjoyment of new sources of profit. with'bis accustomed candor, has published, 111 Fo7(/io«''i paper of the 4th or 5th of July l:i«t, Belmont, August 14, 1822. what he thought proper as to himself" The Dear oir, paragraph has not his singnature ; but he inform- In your paper of the 2d instant, I see queries ed me of his having written it ; and 1 mention respecting the Tims nno.\nrAii.En Shekp. it, for reasons operating with me. " Hoxu many 7vere received i* and were any sent I imderstood, /Vow Gen. Eatnn, and so did iiUo ether states ?" Col. Pickering, that eight or ten sheep were shipped; but only a pair arrived. Reing fai preferable to the coast sheep, they were pro cured by Gen. Eaton, (as he inibrincd me,) <\ the Dey's farm in the interior of the country, h\ the Dey's permission, as a compliment to the I'liifed Stales. It was therefore proper tha: they should pass under the direction of the Sec- retary of State. They arrived in the TJclau-are. in a publ'c ship; and of course, were placed hv Col. Pickering in the neighbourhood of the pori of arrival. It v.ould have been out ofcharactei with him, (only one pair having arrived) li have sent them into any other state ; nor woul he have so done, in wliatsoever way he niigli have received them. 1 was informed that tlu rest of the shipment |)erished at sea. Cajii Ccihlcs, to whose care they were committed, hai a character too respectable to permit any sup position that he was either negligent or selfish yet Gen. Eaton expressed much dissatisfactioi. and chagrin. The burlhensomc, though not regretted, de- posit, uas put into my hands by Col. Pickering Concidciing myself as a kind of trustee; aniJ always desirous of spreading through our coun- try tiie benefits of such acquisitions; I refuset offers of emolument ; though no terms forbid- iling personal profit, were made. I gratuitously disjiersed the breed, not only in Pennsylvania but into the neiglibouring states ; at no smal trouble and expense to myself. Several victu- allers, finding the superiority of the mutton ove: that of all other sheep, both in quality and price 1 made up a purse and offered any sum I chose U fix for the Ram. I refused the proffer, and af ter his covering, during several seasons grea numbers of ewes sent to my farm; and thci( pastured and served without charge; he was con Tcyod to my late friend. Gen. Ilinid'x farm nea; Lancaster; where he was killed by dogs ; affe; propagating the breed extensively. The ew< met the like late, on my farm ; having yeaned ■ healthy lamb at sixteen 3 ears of age. Chancellor Liringsion^s sale of two .Merini sheep for §3000, gave impetus to the ardo: which had begun to operate in favor of tha breed. Had he given them away, the effec would have been tar olherivise on the minds both farmers and speculators. Euila les homnics Fancy paints profits in proportion to price paid Small gains are counted on gifts, or cheap pur chases. Discovering the impolicy of continuing (how ever beneficial my distributions may, at first have been.) gratuitously to bestow lambs ; am of mv other modes of dispersing the breed with out charge ; I encouraged my neighbor, Thoma. Bones, in raising fine Broadlailed Sheep, fron my stock, for sale on his own account. He di( great justice to my confidence in him ; and sole considerable numbers ; many whereof at thcii request, 1 selected for the purchasers. Manj were sent to South Carolina, as I mention in oui volume. The credit of, and dcaiandfor the sheepl Xi'ere rcalhj enhanced by the prices paid for them though those prices were moderate, indeed compared with those of jlffri.ios; which over whelmed the Tunisians in public opinion, dur ing the Jlerino-fever. Country peojile do not vabie an article givet a-ji-aii; presuming that it is held by the donor it ^inall estimation ; and in this they are not sin Hular. The usual short sighted practice amon§ farmers, of selling to victuallers, or in the mur Nfi^V ENGLAND FARMER. ket the best lambs and sheep; and keeping; only those unsaleable ; deteriorated the breed mo>-t lamentably. My tenants, who had the charge of my Hock, had their share in this culpable pro- pensity. Several butchers posted breeders from mv stock, in Jersey and Uelarfare. The pro- s:eny were slaughtered for the market. This also diminished the multiplicatikii of the breed. Yet 1 was surprised by the information I fre- quently received, at the numbers produced from an original pair, even under circumstances not -dhvay'\,^eourag'inar. 1 know of no other importation of Darbary sheep, contemporaneous with the sulvjects of this account. Long after the arrival of the pair mentioned ; I was inl'ormed that Capt. Baron had brought some broacllailcd coast sheep into Virginia. Hut from the accounts of them 1 had heard, they were inferior to the Mountain sheep ot' Tint is : anil so are all other African sheep which have iallen \inder my notice. The sheep of the Eastern countries, Asia and At'rica, are generally (with some exceptions,) broadtailcd. Many years ago I saw, in England, in Die King's tlock at Richmond, several of the Lati- candcr. Some of them with cumbrous trailing tails, borne on little wheel carriages, dragged after them. None of them, in appearance, equal to the Tunis Mountain sheep. In my old, learn- ed, and valuable work, — Hcheuchzer's Pkijsicw sacra, — there are plates, admirably executed, of victims for the Jewish altars. Among them, trailing Broadtails similar to those I saw at Richmond. So that there are many varieties of the Laticaudo; ; and the success of breeders entirely depends on the selection of the valuable kind". The name, (as you seem to require it) I gave to the Ram, was Caramelli, that of the E^ve, Setiina. They will, perhaps, become memora- ble, as the first emigrants to our country, from this branch of the extensive family of the Lali- candce. Not knowing, exactly, the object of j'our que- ries, I may have enlarged unnecessarily. But vou may gather what you deem satisfactory, for any purpose you contemplate. Yours truly, RICHARD PETERS." John S. Ski.n'ner, Esq. From the New England Palladium of Xug. "23, RYE COFFEE. Messrs. Editors, A writer in the Palladium of the 16t!i inst. who signs a '• Friend to Health,'' has ad\ anccd a theory on the effects of Rye, which appears so absurd, thai Tam almost inclined to think he meant the article as a hoax ; be that as il mav. the subject is of too much importance to the community to permit such unfounded assertions to pass without refutation. This writer attri- butes the cause of ■weak limhs and ih.hUhaied systems, which he says a vast number of [)ersons have suffered from, to the use of •' a compound of half Rye, and half im]icrted Coflee, ground together;'' and that '■' Rije is peculiarly calcu- lated to produce that effect." — Now, if he had stated that a free use of the spirit distilled from Rye produced such elTects, he might have found but few to controvert his position. Rut, that Rye, its outer coat or bran, by any preparation, except by di.stillation, is deleterious to man or blast, I pledge myself to prove to the satisfac- tion of every unprejudiced person, is an asser- tion not founded on facts. If the writer will aiiply to the able and wor- thy Professor of Chemistry at the University, he will learn, that most of this outer coat, which ho says produces those debilitating ciTects, is, by the ruasting process, converted into carbon — in plain English charcoal, which is insoluble, aiid of course, if the decoction is well fined, no part of it w ill be taken into the -system, and if it w as, no injury could possibly result, as a little char- coal is considered by most medical men as not unhealthy, and tor some complaints is prescrib- ed in large doses. This " Friend to Health" admits that ■' a per- son may eat the fine meal, w'ithout witnessing any ill eflects." Indeed ! 1 will go farther, and say that it is a fact which can be fully substan- tiated, that five, or perhaps more, that ten mil- lions of men that have composed the armies of Russia, S-xedcn, Denmark, Prussia, and the Ger- man Powers, during the wars of the last centu- ry, have subsisted upon little else than bread made with Rye Bran, and which they consider- ed a luxury if the bark of trees was not mixed with it — for such compounds were often fur- nished by Peter the Great and Charles the 12th — yet history makes no mention of any com- plaint of " -hia, he would not have introduced Horses to support his theory. He migdit there have seen fine teams of that noble animal, as large and powerful as Elephants, and as f;it as Whales, just off a journey of 5 or 600 miles, across the Allegh.iny mountains, with a load of tour or five tons, that were fed the whole route on Rye, outer coat, chaff and straw cut up to- gether, and as much too as they wanted ; with- out any other gi'ain, or scarce a lock of hay during the whole journey ! He happens to be equal!}' unfortunate with the Pigs lie has bro't forward to prove that Rye Coffee is injurious to the human system, for on this point I do speak from the experience of near thirty years, and from the use of more than n thousand bushels of jK^c and Rye bran in roaring and fattening Pigs. This writer says that after eating bran they will "lie down and swell with weakness!'" I have seen them lay down after being gorged with this nutritious food, and they might have appeared to the ej-es of some persons to " swell u';(/t ^■eakness,'''' but 1 believe that it would ap- pear on dissection, to have been caused by a full belly of ihis poisonous slnff, and their dispo- sition to sleep, from its fattening properties ! I could cite many examples to shew tjic benefit of I'eeding animals with Rye and Rye bran. But it is time to i'cturn to Rye Coffee, which ap- pears to liave been extensively used in the middle States, particularly in Pennsylvania, for seveial years past, but no accounts of its debili- taling cflccts have reached us ; on the contrary, 1 shall offer high Medical authority to prove that it is a strengthening beverage for the sto- mach. Gen. Cahin Jones, of North Carolina, one of the most eminent Physicians in the Southern States, and who stands in the front rank of the philanthropists of our country, has written a dissertation on Dyspepsia, the great prevalence of wliich he attributes, in some ttc- gree, to the use of strong imported Coffee, and he s:iys that in order to induce some of' his pa- tients to dispense with it, he has prevailed on them to substitute Rye Coffee, and that the free use of it has relieved them! — A letter from him fo Mr. Skinner on the subject, was publislied in the American Farmer, last March or April ; it is not at hand now, or 1 would send it to yon. I hope however to see it soon published in your valuable paper. The goodness of Domestic Coffee depends en its being proi)er!y prejiarod from sound Rye. I look up'on the discovery and introduction of it, as very fortunate and of great importance to the country, as it lessens the expense of a very considerable item in house keeping, and at the same time is conducive to health. Its use there- fore should not be discouraged till some better proofs can be adduced of its ill effects, than vague surmises and arguments, drawn from Horses and Sivine. A MIDDLESEX FARMER. Mozi'ing Match. — There was a famous mow- ing match in New Boston, on Saturda}', August 17th, between Mr. Daniel Andrews, of New Boston, and Mr. Abel Hart, of Gotfstown. The comjjetition was who should mow an acre of meadow grass the quickest and best. The ground was staked out and the work performed in the jirescnce of numerous spectators. Mr. Andrews completed his acre in one hour and tucntj'-six minutes. BIr. Hart, in one hour and twenty-eight and a half minutes. The victory was oV course decided in favor of Mr. Andrews. Amherst {JV. H.) Cabinet. A safe, easy and cheap cure. — A broken winded horse had been kept in a field where there wa.s not any water, excei)t in the boffom of an old lime kihi, and had recovered his wind — The owner ordered a stable shovel full of quick lime to be renewed every five or six days, and the water to be poured ofl", and a bucket of it to be given every day to a broken winded coach horse, aged eight years, which had almost a constant cough. The horse was sup])lied with water thus prepar- cd for about five weeks, and kept in the stable. Me is now perfectly recovered in his wind, and free from a cough. — Conn. Journal. We have seen a twig broken from a pe.rr tree (says the last Newhuryport Herald,) this season, scarcely two feet long, which, when laken off, we are told contained upwards of 80 pears. On it was upwards of 60 hanging in clusters like grapes, and of a size as large -a.s hen's eggs. It came from the town of Essex ia this couufv. 36 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FACTS AND OBSFIRVATIO.NS RIXAII.'.G 10 T^GRICULTUIIE & DOM r.STlC. ECONOMY. MANLRC. It is a generally received opinion that in some soils of a loose texture, the fcrtilizinsr parts of manure escape by sinking; Lioyonit the reach of plant-. The Hon. Timothy I'lrlcering, in an Address to the Essex Agricultural Society, delivered May 5, 1818, made thf; followin:,'- ob- servations on this subject. Speaking' of wiiat is .sometimes called riih/tc lami, Mr. 1'. remarks: " But is it true, that on such land, or on any land, the fertilizingf parts of manure escape by .sinking beyond the reach of plants? If they do, hovv hajjpons it, that in lands which have been cultivated and manured for ag;es, every layer of earth below the cultivated soil is, nevertheless, found dead and barren ? Is it not for this reason, that farmers in jfeneral cautiously avoid j)louu;h- ing deeper than the soil, lest by stirring that dead earth, and ni'xing it with the soil, they should lessen its fertility? The result of a lit- tle experiment which 1 had made prior to our revolution then occurred to me. Its recital may in some other resj)ects be useful. " Within a stone's throw of my lather's house, was apiece of sandy loam, winch from its conti- guity to the dwelliii;,'--place ofhimself and ances- tors, for upwards of a hundred and thirty years, must have been kcfif, a large portion of that time, ill tillage, and consequently have been of- ten manured. Vet the colored soil was no more th.en five or six inches in dcj)lh. This soil I re- moved from one spot, with three or four inches of the earth ne.xt beiiealii it. Of the next, red earih, 1 then took up as much as measured a pock and u half Dividing a long box into two e(|ual portions by a board, into one I put a peck of the earth ; and into the other a half peck, intimately mmglcd and incorporated with half a peck of clay — perfect clay to the touch; but it was ta- ken from the edge of a clay-pit holding water, where cattle often drank, and a flock of geese bathed, during the summer. Hence the appar- ent cl.ay was doubtless impregnated, in some de- gree, with the droppings from these animals. This box I. placed, on the sud'ace, in a garden. Adjacent to it, I sunk, to a level with the surliico, a small earthen pot tilled with the same sort of, clav'. In these three places 1 sowed turnip seed, as late as the 2Uth of August. In a few >lays I reduced the number of turnip plants in each to thyee. The pot of clay, even with the surface, received suiTicicnf water from rams: but I reg- ularly watered the parcels of earth in the box ; bestowing equal quantities, and at the same times, on each division. Near the close of Oc- tober, I carefully took up the turniin, and wash- ed them, leaving u|)on them the tibroiis roots and leaves. The three which had grown in the pot of clay weighed ten ounces — the bulbs hot lo the taste, stringy and tough. The three i'rom the de;id red earth weighed only three ounces, and the bulbs were sol't, spungy and insipid. But the three which had groun in the mingled red e;irth and clay weighed twenty-four ounces, :ind the bulbs were of good texture, and well fla- vored. " P'rom the facts above stated, I fell authoriz- ed to infer, that all the lost manure, (that is, all til ^ parts not imbibed by the roots of plants, nor Temalning in the soil) instead of sinking befcw ♦h • sphere of vegetation, rosr into the atmos- jiherc : and that " riddle laud,'" (land on which the elTects of manure were not lasting) however highly manured, so soon lo«t its fert'lit\, not by letting the essence of the manure sink speedily through it, but by its incapacity to retain it aguiiisl the pov:er of evaporation.'^ From these, ^iid other considerations, Mr. Pickering infers, " that manure arising from dung, and from all animal and veget djie sub- stances, should be exposed as little as possible lo the sun, the air and washing rains, and when applied to the soil, be immediately ploughed in. .\nd further that the aim of the husbandman, possessing a soil from which the essence of his manure soon escapes, should be to add some- thing ivhich will render it more tenacious ; like the soil which, in current language, is said ' to hold manure well.' Tor this purpose, noth- ing, probably, is equal to clay." LIVE STOCK. In observing on premiums given by Agricul- tural Societies for the best animals, Mr. Pick- ering observes : " With great deference I would inquire, whe- ther giving rewards for the biggest and ihe fat- test, is the best mode of obtaining the most x(du- rti/e breeds ? Bakewell, the English celebrated breeder of cattle, sheep and swine, exercised his genius to produce such as were excellent in form, of sudicicnt size, which yielded the great- est quantity of meat on the most valuable joints, and would grow and fatten on the smallest quan- tities of food. In the fattening of cattle and sheep, there is a point to be attained, at which their tlesh will be of the best qiialit3-, and most valuable to the consumer. Is not all beyond this a waste of time and expense in their keep- ins ?■' INDIAN CORN. Under this head Mr. Pickering remarks : — •' The inijjroving of our hu-!)andrv, in New England, is to be expected, not from a rejection of Indian corn as the ruin of our lands, but by a bolter management of that crop, in order to render it, as it ai>pears it may be rendered, the best prejuiration for a crop of wheal, and other small grain. '•' Every farmer knows how eagerly cattle devour the entire plant of Iiidi.an corn in its green stale ; and land in good condition will produce heavy crops of it. Some years ago, just when the ears were in the milk, I cut close to the ground the plants growing on a measured space, equ:il, as I judged, to the ave- rage product of the whole piece ; and found that, at the same rate, an acre would yield twelve tons of green fodder; probably a richer and more nourishing food than any other known to the husbandman. And this quantity w-as the growth of less than four months. The ground was rich, and yielded, at harvest, upwards of fifty bushels of corn to the acre. The green stalks of our northern corn are incomparably sweeter than those of the southern states ; at least v/hen both sorts arc groivn in the north. Perhaps the greater and longer continued heats of the south may give a richness to the same large plants, which these cannot attain in the north. The stalks I have grown, rose to the height of 13 or 11 feet, and many of them weighed above live pounds. To support this height they arc necessarily thick and woody in their fibres. My cows ate a small part of them — reluctantly — while they would devour the stalks ol' our northern corn. It has appeared to me that the sort c:illed sii'cri coivi, (bavin? a white shrivelled grain when ripe) yields stalks of richer juice than the common yellow corn. It is also more disposed to multiply suckers an additional recommendation of it, when plant- ed to be cut iu its green stale, for horses and cattle, and especially for milrh cows ; and its time of planting ni:iy be so regulated as to fur- nish a sup|dy of food, just when the common pa'^iure* usually fiil. 1 am inclined ^u dcubt whether any other green food will ali'ord butter of equal excellence." F.tLI.OW CROPS. "Mr. Pickering further observes, that, " The substituting of fallow-crops for naked fallows is one of the capital improvements in English husbandly. The naked fallows, formerly in universal practice, consisted in repeatedly plow- ing the land from spring to autumn — with tivo objects in view : one, the destruction of weeds, with which their lands became foul by repeat- edly cropping them with small grain, as wheat, barley, oats, rye, in immediate succession ; for the weeds springing up with these crops, and ripening their seeds, the soil, in three or four years, was so amply stocked, that some mode of extirpating the weeds became indispensable. But for many ages no other than naked fallows seein to have occurred. The English farmers now grow tallow crops, selected according to the nature of their soils; as beans, carrots, turnips, potatoes, mangel wurtzel, cabbages. While these are growing, they/fl//oKi the ground; that is, they stir it repeatedly with the plough or hoe, or both; by which they as effectualy de- troy the weeds as by the naked fallow ; a»d at the same time benefit their crops, whose pro- ducts reward them for their labor. '■ Naked fallows seem also formerly to have been considered as the means of enriching as well as of cleaning the land. The error of their practice, in this view, cannot be better illustra- ted than by the following fact, communicated above 30 years ago to the Phil.idelphia .Society of .\griculture, when I was a reiidenl member, and which 1 well recollect. But to prevent cii- ciim-tantial errors in the recital, I have turned lo the Notes on Husbandry, by Mr. Bordley, (who was the vice-jiresident of the society.) where the case is staled. '• Pi. gentleman of Jlaryland (Mr. Singleton oj Talbot) ploughed up part (and this was the rich- est jiart) of a clover field, in March, intending to plant it with tobacco. It haiipenoil, that the toiiacco crop was omitted. So. this part was t'allo-j:ed, that is, it was repeatedly ploughed in the summer, and on the first of September, sown with wheat. The residue of the clover field was twice mown. In August it was once plough- ed, and on the same first of September sown with wdieat. At harvest, the fallowed part o the field yielded only 1 1 and a half bushels to the acre. The other part, besides two crops ofclover hav the preceding year, now gave 2t and a half bushels to the acre. This striking fact admits of an easy explanation, and in conformity with the principles already advanced. The repeated ploughing of the fallowed part of the field ex- posed the clover plants, roots and tops to the sun and air, by which they were dried up, and nearly annihilated ; while other vegetable food in the NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ^7 soil was also dissipaleil, or grcall}' reduced, Li\ evaporation. But the clover, turned under by « simple ploughing-, was cninpleteh' covered with carlli, kept moist, gradually rotted, and so sup- plied food to the wheat plants most plentifully wlien most wanted, that is, in iho ensmng sea- son, when the wheat was attaining its complete growth, and ripening the grain.*' IMl'ROVF.MF.NT OF SOILS. Soils may be improved by the admixture of earths to alter their texture. This is a distinct thing from applying the substances commonly called manures. A soil may be composed of ni iterials so essentially unfr.endly to vegetation that any attempt to manure it without altering its consti'ution^ or correcting its noxious quali- ties, would lie like feeding a sick man with nourishing things, without removing the cause ■of his disorder. Sir John Sinclair says, " Soils with acids, or salts of iron, may be ameliorated by the appli- cation of earthy lime or chalk. The sulphate of iron (copperas) is thus converted into manure. If there be an excess of calcareous matter (lime or chalk,) it may be improved by the applica- lion of sand or clay, or earthy substances. Soils too abundant in sand, are benefitted by the use of clay, or marl, or vegetable matter. A defi- ciency of vegetable or animal matter must be supplied by manure. An excess of vegetable matter is to be removed by burning, or to be remedied by the application of earthy materi- als. The substances necessary for improving ^oils arc seldom far distant. Coarse sand is often found immediately upon chalk, and perhaps al- ways under it, while beds of sand and gravel are commonly below clay, and clay and marie generally below sand.'' PRESERVING ME.^TS. The following recipes are from Additions to Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, by Thomas Cooper, Esq. Professor of Chemistry and Min- eralogy. ' " If meat be intended merely for family use, and to be u«ed in two or three months, the fol- lowing pickle deserves to be recommended : Water, one gallon ; salt, nineteen ounces ; salt petre, one ounce and a lialf; sugar, half pound. '•The Russians are fond of the flavor of juni- per berries, and add a pound of bruised juniper to a gallon of pickle. " A tea-spoonful or two of cayenne pepper to ihe gallon, greatly increa.ses the preserv.ng I power of the pickle. ; '' To cure gammons, first sprinkle them as Ii soon as they are cut and trimmed, with a little ' (Livcr()Ool) salt. Let them lay together for i twelve hours : take them out of the tub. dri.n ^.^nd wipe them ; then rub them separately '.vilh a mixture of twelve parts common salt and one part salt petre, well dried and then ground line. Hub in this mi>iure well ; lay them in the piok- ' ling tub, and the next day rub them again with a similar mixture. The day after fill up the tub ^viih a brine made in the proportion of 18 oz. salt, 1 lb. molasses, and 1 oz. salt petre, to the gallon of water. In this pickle they may stay f I r a fortnight. Then take them out, drain. wipe and smoke them. '■ It they are sulTered to make their own brine by means of dry salt and salt petre en- tirely, t!iey will lose too much of the juices of ihe meatj and become bard and dry. '• 1 have successfully cured beef in summer thus : " I killed an ox in the middle of .\ugust, at 9 o'clock in llie evening ; it was cut up at 3 o'clock in the morn.ng. The pieces were (piicklj' rubbed with a mixture of ten parts of salt, and one part of salt petre, and put into a barrel. In the mean time a brine com|)oscd of 1 1-2 lbs. of sail, 2 oz. of salt petre, and half an ounce of common pepper, to the gallon of wa- ter, was ready over the fire, and when the beef was all packed in the barrel, it was poured on boiling hot. This prevented and destroyed all lly-liloivs. In a week, the pieces were taken out, drained and wiped ; the pickle was boiled over again, scummed, and again poured boiling hot on the meat when re-packed. The process answered the purpose perfectly." A METHOD OF PRESERVING CREAM. Take twelve ounces of white sugar, and as many grains of finely powdered magnesia, and dissolve them in a small quantity of water, over a moderate fire. After the solution has taken place, 12 oz. of new cream should be immedi- ately added, and tlie whole uniformly mixed while hot. Let it then gradually cool, and pour it into a bottle, which must be carefully corked. if kept in a cool place, and nol exposed to the air, it may be preserved in a sweet state for several weeks, and oven months. Doiiicsiic EncyclopcdUi. TO PREVENT BOTTLED CIDER FROM BURSTLVC. Make a strong frame of plank, say 1 1-2 or 2 inches thick and 9 deej), by locking it together edge-wise, place it in the cellar, and sit the bottles of cider in it, (after being well corked) as close as possible, until it is entirely filled, except the space for one bottle, which must be left to commence taking them from, when want- ed for pse. Then put clean sand on them, and settle it between the bottles, by (hrouing on ^\- teriiately water and sand, until the sand is well settled half Hay up the neck of the bottles. In that situation the bottles will be preserved, filled with the very best cider for any length of time. By placing ice on the sand over the quantity of bottles |)roposed to be used a day, it will be as if put into ice water. — imerican Farmer. TO rRF.VE.NT SKIPPERS IN B.ir0N. Take of red pepper finel}' powdered one ta- ble spoonful for every joint of meat, and rub it on the meat with the salt, when it is first cut up. It has been often tried, and was never known to fail in producing the above effect. — ib. EXTIRP.ITING RATS AND MICE. Lay bird lime in their haunts ; for though they are nasty enough in other respect.s, 3'et being very curious of their fur, if it is but daub- ed with this stuff, it is so troublesome to them, that they will even scratch their skins from oil their own backs to get it off; and will never abide in the place where they have suffered in this manner. — Farmer's Journal. Qitfre. — Would tar answer the same purpose as bird lime ? From (he Providence Journal. To those zuho make., and those who love good Cider. A few years ago, I was dining with a friend. who knew my fondness for Cider with my food. He remarked, '• my friend, 1 have no cider to otter you. Onr apples have been principally cut off by frosts and insects, for several years past ; but I can give you some cider wineV' I took some of it, and diluted it with water, suffi- cient as I calculated, to reduce it (0 the strength of late made cider. When 1 drank of it, to my surprise, 1 found I had a glass of very excelleiit cider, with only the liistc of a little ajiple bran- dy in it. The discovery of this fact suggested to my mind the following conclusion : — That farmers in a iderdii'ul year of apples, may, with a little care, lay up a supply of good" cider, against a year of scarcity. This niav be done within a small compass, in the following man- ner : — Take your first made cider, which is fit only for the still, and convert it into brandy ; put nine gallons of this brandy into a new barrel ; then fill the barrel with late made cider, well strained, and bung it tight. This gives you the strength of near four barrels of cider, in one. The strength given to it by the brand}', will preserve its sweetness entire, for many years. That which 1 drank was ten or twelve years old ; and it was not impaired by age. When if is used, it only requires a sufficient quantifv of water mixed with it, to render it excellent ci- der. The barrels should be new, and clean. To guard against the rotting which is caused by damp cellars, they should be iron bound, and well painted. In this manner, any farmer, who has the fruit, may put up, in six barrels, the essence of twenty barrels of good cider, and keep it until a time of need. It will Jine itself; and will grow better with an increase of age. Besides, if it is not wanted as cider, it is a very pleasant cordial, when imdllnted; and, with the addition of a bushel of wild grapes, bruised, and put into each barrel, it imbibes the peculiar flavor of the grape, and becomes a very pleasant wine. As there is an unusual quantity of apples this year, I have thought this communication might be useful to agriculturists. Now is the time for grinding up the early windfalls ; and the cider, which these produce, if distilled, will furnish the brandy necessary for making the cider wine. And I can assure you, my friends, prepared in this way, it is much pleasanter, and less injurious to health and morals, than when drank, in the usual manner, mixed with wafer. Those farmers who are fond of good cider with their food, and who have felt the want of it, in consequence of a scarcity of apples, will, 1 trust, feel the importance of attending to this subject, now, when they are blessed with an abundance of fruit. And another season, when their neighbors are destitute, the possession of a plenty of excellent cider in their cellars, will more fully realize to them the value of this communication, if they will make the experi- ment. \. B. A correspondent states that the medical qua- lifies of pulverized Charcoal, are daily devel- oping themselves. In addition to its value in bilious disorders, two ounces of the Charcoal boiled in a pint of fresh milk, may be taken in doses of a wine glass full, by adults, every two hours, in the most obstinate dyscntert/. until relief is imparted, which has not failed to be the effect in almost every instance. It is harmless and the experiment maj' be safely tried. Charcoal made from maple wood is the purest that can be read- ily obtained. — Baltimore Chronicle. nn NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Floridian. XATIVE ATT GALLS. Messrs. Editor?, It may perhaps be gratifying to your readers lo learn, that among the abundant veg;etable productions ot' West Florida, Iha Qnercus Cer- ris or Oriental Oak stands in the first class. It owes its importance principally to the produc- tion of Nut (ialls. They have hitherto been imported from the Mediterranean at a great expense, and tiieir importance in manufactures is well known. They are the production of an insect of an lii/incnoj)itrous ^)ccicr'. The Cijnops Qucrcifolu, who de[iosit their eggs on the leaves and tender branches of the tree ; an excrescence is soon I'ortned around the eg?, which enlarges to a ball the .size of a bullet, enclosing the egg; which in process of time is hatched, and the enibr^'o olten undergoing several changes, finally eats its way out of its prison. This excrescence is the iVut Gall ; and those found in Florida arc equal in every respect to those imported from the Levant. This tree seldom attains the hei»ht often feel. and grows prmcipally in low and wet situations, and the galls cover the branches in great profu- sion. The writer of this gathered in the space of a few snoments several pounds. When it is taken into consideration the importance of this production in Dying and Medicine, their present high price (from 50 to gGO per cwt.) and their not being indigenous in any other part of the l^ S. we know of nothing that would so well repay the enterprize of any of our citizens, as collect- ing and sending them to the northward for sale. 4 Friend to Domestic Industry. From the Amherst (N. 11.) Calliiet. Tlio Committee of the Hillsborough Agricul- fural Society appointed to view the tield pro- ducts of competitors, performed the duty as- signed them in the present week, agreeably to the new regulation of the Society, substituted in the place of the greatest croiis, viz. "The premiums are to be awarded by a viewing com- mittee from actual inspection of the crops growing in the liclds, and they will take into consideration not only the crops, but the soil, situation, former and present method and ex- pense of culture, and the general husbandry of the farm." The gentlemen composing the committee who attended to the duty of their appointment, were Kev. H. Moore, P. Wood- bury, E'<(i. Capt. Wm. Riddle, C'apt. E. Abbot, Joseph Cochmn, Esq. Mr. Phillip Brown, and Mr. Porter Kimball. This conmiittee appears to have been judiciously chosen ; being all men of practical farming knowledge. They passed through this and the noighl)oring towns on Wednesday, and were accompanied by a number of gentleman in viewing the farms entered for competition. They proceeded in their bu.sincss with precision and expedition, and evinced judgment and skill suited to the undertaking. TliL' committee expressed themselves highly pleased with their employment, and the highest •mcomiums on llie reception and generous treat- ment they every where met with on their tour of observation — the people generally appear- ing greatly pleased with the change of the sys- tem of granting premiums on agricullural pro- ■iucts. The committee entertain no doubt that premiums awarded in this manner will produce 'he hajipiost re-ul(-. It i= hoped that this c.-i- periment \vM excite the farmers of the county to a lively sense of the importance of promoting the general interests of the Society as immedi- ately connecled with their own and the general wcllare of the community — That hereafter the Society may be enabled to offer premiums for the best managed farms, taking into consideration the soil and situation, the ability of the owner to make improvements, and the system on which he manages — and that the competitors may be greallv increi-ed. i\EW ENGLAND 1-AKMEK. BOSTOjV.— SATURDAY, AUGUST 31, 1822. We would beg leave to direct the attention of our readers to the piece with which this day's paper com- mence?, which we think rational, philosophical, and calculated to be useful. Future favors of a similar na- ture from the same haud are respectfully solicited. COOKL\G FOOD FOR CATTLE. {Concluded from page 31.) In the conslriictiou and management of " root steamers," (as they are called by the Complete Gra- zier,) there are some things worth attention, which we have yet to notice. " If water be heated in a close vessel no steam will he formed ; if the steam escape by a small hole there will be lesa foraied than if the whole surface of the water were uncovered."* It follows that, other things being equal, shallow vessels, or ves- sels about half full, exposing large surfaces of the wa- ter in proportion to its quantity, from wiiich the steam may ascend, will afford the most steam wilh a given quantity of iitat applied. Allowing that one gallon of water will produce 1200 gallons of f team, it would be easy to calculate the ex- act q'lantity of water necessary to boil in order to fjll with steam the vessels in which the food is cooked, were it not that the following circumstances are to be taken into consideration. Steam will be condensed with greater or less rapidity in proportion to the tem- perature of the atmosphere, and the temperature, the solidity, the dryness or wetness of the feed which it operates upon. Besides if the whole apparatus is made perfectly tight, a safely ralrc will become necessary, through which some of the steam will make its escape ; and the exact quantity of the fugitive steam cannot be calculated. If the vessel in which the food is prepar- ed is either open at top (as is common when a fit e pail kettle and a hogshtad placed over it is used,) or is covered only by a thick coarse cloth (as recommemled by the Complete Gr.azier,) a considerable quantily of steam will be wasted. But though, perhaps, no pre- cise data can be given for generating or gradualiug the exact quantity of steam necessary for given purposes, as relates to cooking food for cattle, we believe there is commonly more water boiled, and of course more fuel used in steaming solid food than is necessary. Accurate experiments on this subject, and their results carefully recorded, would undoubtedly prove useful. Steam may likewise be very profitably used in pre- paring liquid messes for cattle, as well as in warming vats for dyers, tanners, paper-makers, itc. &c. Many attempts have been made to heat liquids by stiani in- troduced into them, which have generally failed, in consequence of its not being known, or not adverted to by those who have attempted the process, that fluids are non-cundaclnrs of heat., and consequently that heat cannot be made to descend in them. It is therefore necessary that the tube, which conveys the hot steam, jVichohon^s Chcmisfry. should open into the lovesl part of the vessel, ^\luch contains the liquid to be heated. We shall abridge from Count Uumfjrd's Essays such directions as w ill enable any workm.iu of ordinary sagacity to effect this purpose. To succeed in he.ating liquids by steam, it is neces- sary, not only that the steam should enter the liquid at the bottom of the vessel which contains it, but also that it sliould enter coming from abovi. The steam tube should be in a vertical position, and the steam should descend through it pre vious to its entering the vessel, and mixing with the liquid which it is to heat ; otherwi-se this liquid will be' in danger of being forced back into the boiler by this opening : for the hot steam being stiddt nly comiensed on coming into contact wilh the cold liquid, a vacuum will necessarily be formed in the end of the tube ; into which vacuum, the liquid in the vessel, pressed by the whole weight of the in- cumbent atmosphere, will rush with great force, and with a loud noise ; but if this tube be placed in a ver- tical position, and if it be made to rise to the height of six or seven feet, the liquid, which is thus forced into its lower end will not have time to rise to that height before it is met by steam and obliged to rctuin back into the vessel. There will be no dilBculty in arrang- ing the apparatus in such a manner as efl'ectually to previ nt the liquid to be heated from being forced back into the steam-boiler ; anel when this is done, and som.c other necessary precautions to prevent accidents are take n, steam may be employed with great advantage for healing liquids ; and for keeping them hot, in a va- riety of cases, in whicli fire, applied immediately to the bottoms of the containing vessels is now used. The boilers intended to be heated in this manner may be placed in any part of a room, at any distance from the fire, and in situations in which they may be approached freely on every side. They may be surrounded with • wood, or constructed entirely with wood. The tubes by which the steam is brought from the principal boil- er (which tubes may be conveniently sii pended just below the ceiling of the room) may in like manner, be covered, so as almost entirely to prevent all loss of heal by the surfaces of them ; and this to whatever distance they may be made to extend. In suspending these steam tubes, care must, howev- er, be taken to lay them in a situation not perfectli/ horizontal under (be ceiling, but to incline them a small angle, making them rise gradually from their junction with the top of a large vertical steam-tube, connecting them with the steam boiler, (JUite to their furthest extremities ; for, when these tubes are so plac- ed, it is evident that all the water formed in them, in consequence of the condensation of the steam in its passage thiough them, will run backwards, and fall into the beiiler, instead of accumulating iu them, and obstructing the passage of the steam, which it would not fall to do were there any considerable bends or waviugs, upwards and dowiiwards, in these tubes, or of running forward and descending wilh steam into the vessels containing the liquids to be heated, which would happen if the tubes inclined rfo7."»ler/)Y/.p, instead of inclining upwards, as they recede from the boiler. Tlio steam tube may eithc-r descend within the ves- sel to which it belongs or on the outside of it, as shall be found most convenient. If it comes down on the outside of the vessel, it must enter it at its bottom, by a short horizontal bend ; and its junction with the bot- tom of the vessel must be well secured to prevent leakage. When several steam tubes, belonging to diflVrenl containing vessels, are connected with the same Iiori- zontal steam conductor, the upper end of each of thesi tubes, instead of bting simply attached .by solderinj iNEW ENGLAND FARMER. 39 to the rt.iilir tide of the condiic'.or, cuist cuter hI leSEt one inch within the cavity of it ; otherwise tha wat( v resnlling- from a condensation ol a part of the steam, in the conductor by the cohl air wliich surrounds it, ii> Etcad of fuiding its way barli i;ilo the steam boik r, will descend tlirough the slcani tubes, and mix with the liquids ui the vessels below ; but when the open ends of these tubes project upwards within the steam con- ductor, though it be but to a small height above the level of its under side, it is evident that this accident cannot happen. In order that the ends of the sttain tubes may projv'Ct upwards within the horizontal con- ductor, the diameters of the former must be considera- liiy less than the diameter of the latter. As it is essential that the steam employed in heating ii (uids, in tlie manner before described, should enter the conlaininar vessel at, or very near its bottom, it is tvident that thif steam must be sulBciently strong or elastic to overcome, not only the pressure of the atmos- phere, but also the additional pressure of the superiu- eumbent liquid in the vessel ; the steam boiler, must, therefore, be made strong enough to confme the steam, when its elasticity is so much uicreased by means of additional heat, as to enable it to overcome that resist- ance. This increase of the elastic force of the steam need not, however, in any case, exceed a pressure of five or six pounds upon a square inch of the boiler, or one third pari, or one half\ of an atmosphere. In this and in all other cases, where steam is used as ,a vehicle for conveying heat from one place to another it is indispensably necessary to provide saftty valres of tww kinds ; the one for letting a part of tiie steam es- cape, when, on the fire being suddenly increased, the steam becomes so strong as to expose ttae boiler to the dangc-r of being burst by it ; — the other for admitting air into the boiler, when, in consequence of the dimi- nution of Uie heat, the steam in the boiler is conden- sed, and a vacuum is formed in it ; and when, without this valve there would be danger, either of ha^'ing the sides of the boiler crushed, and forced inwards by the pressure of the atmosphere, or of having the liquid in the containing vessels forced upwards into the horizon- tal steam conductors, and from thence into the steam boiler. Count Rumford proceeds to shew that the principles above described had been carried into effect upon a very large scale, by Messrs. Gott and Company, at Leeds. The dyeing house of Messrs. Gott and Company is very spacious, and contains a great number of coppers of different sizes, some of which contain xipward of 1800 gallons, and they are all heated by steam from one steam boiler. One of the largest of these coppers, containing upwards of 1800 gallons, when filled with cold water from the cistern, requires no more than half an hour to heat it till it actually boils .' By the greatest fire that could be made under such a copper, with coals, it would hardly be possible to make it boil in less than an hour. Common wooden tubs may be sub- stituted for coppers, for retaining vessels, or vessels in which the food is cooked. The foregoing may give our readers some idea of the mode of heating liquids by steam. Tliose, however, who would wish to construct an apparatus for boiling liquids by steam, would do well to consult Count Rum- ford's Essays, which may be found in the Boston .4th- cneum. We would here observe that what we have recom- mended and in part described in this essay does not rest on theory, nor speculations not tested and war- ranted by actual and beneficial practice. This v.e en- deavored to shew in the brginni-ig of our essay, (p. 23) i^d to oiakeit still more evident, we shall add to this .11 tide a fev/ facts derived chielly from .Mr. Smith's .iddiess to the Maryland .Agricultural Society. " .Mr. ^Villiam Bean, of the city of Eallimo.'-e, the constructor of my apparatus, has stated to me that he can build such as mine at a cost from GO to £00 dolls. A boiler of the lowest price, containing i^O gallons, would be sufficient to cook food f.ir the stock of mo.-t farms in our country, 'i he capacity of my boiler is 100 gallons. It has enabled my people for some time to cook every day, for more than one hundred head of stock, nourL'^hing food, consisting of cut hay or straw, or corn tops and blades, or corn husks mixed with meal produced from the corn and cob ground together, or with other meal and a due proportion of water. When this food is intended for cows in milk, as much water is used as will serve to give it the liquid con- sistence of what is called a wash ; but when it is pre- pared for dry cattle or for horses, so much water only is applied as is used ia the common feed of chopped rye and cut straw. ^* Clover Iiay, corn tops, blades and husks, when steamed, have been found greatly to contribute in the winter season to the improvement of the quality oi the milk, insomuch as, in a great degree, to impart to the butter the yellow color and delicate fiavor, it would have received from the same articles in a green slate. It is, however, proper to premise, that to produce these pleasing effects, tlio clover hay and the corn fodder must be well cured. ^\"ben cut straw has been used, the advantages, though very perceptible, have not, from the dryness o{ the straw, been so strongly com- municated to tlie butter. If the steamed food should not be intended for cows in milk, or for cattle for the butchers, or for working oxen or horses, but lor stock going at large, there is no necessity to mix it with any meal whate^'er. And from the experience I have had I have no hesitation in pronouncing that not only straw and corn fodder, but the very corn stalks, instead of " wasting their svreets on the desert air." may, if well cured and preserved, be converted into nourishing food for the maintenance of stock throughout the whole winter season." » " The richness of the milk, the f.avcr and yellow color of the butter, Afford the most convincing evidence of the excellency of cooked food. And this is confirm- ed by experiments made from time to time, in suspend- ing and resuming the steamed preparations. Besides, under this system, every particle of the hay, of the straw, and of the coarsest offal is consumed. There is no waste ; every thing is eaten with avidity. It would hence appear that the steaming apparatus, converting as it does all vegetable matter whatever, coarse as well as fine, into the greatest quantity of nutriment, aflbrds the united benefits of nutrition and economy. And in this country, where so little green food is raised for the maintenance of cattle in the winter, the steaming of straw and corn fodder combines incalculable advan- tages. Besides, it sho\Jd ever be kept in mind that, in the feeding of animals, the provender ought to have bulk as well as nutriment. A certain distention of the stomach is requisite." AEWS FROM EUROPE. London papers to tlie 19th July have been received by the Herald, Capt. Fox, from Liverpool. By these it .appears that Madrid was in extreme agitation from the 1st to the dth of July. On the 6th at night, one of the battalions of the revolted troops made a forceable entry into the cili". They entered the avenues lead- ing to the square at day light, and commenced a vig- orous fire on the constitutional troops, or militia. The latter defended themselves successfully. At six in the morning. Gen. Morillo ordered a piece of artillery to be placed in the main street to prevent the nrtreat of the guards in that direction, the militia continued to fire upon them, and the mutineers, being repulsed on every side, withdrew to the palace, where they were received and welcomed by some persons of rank. They then offered to enter into negotiations, but notwith- standing their offer, subsequently attacked some of the miiitia, but were again repulsed. Some other events took pLace. whose details are of little importance. On the r.t'.i, all the remaining mutineers surrendered, and the Bishop, in presence of the militia, performed a sol- emn mass in honor of the triumph. -V Paris paper of the loth ult. states that " a meet- ing of the Foreign Ministers has been held at Madrid, to sign a decl-.raliou relativ* to the events in that cap- ital. Mr. Forsyih, the American minister, lefused to sign it, as totally tutrue ; assertirg that the loval ad^ hirents to Ferdii;;;nd were his greatest entmif's, and that the fortes, Riego, ^c. were liis best fri< nds. It is added that eventually all the foreign ministers, ex- cept the Austrian, agreed v.ith Mr. Forsyth. LoKDO.v, July 19.— /ri);.or/cn/._Extratt of a private letter received this morning from I'aris, dated Jlcnriay evening last :— " The French government have ju^t concluded a contract for 10,000 horses for the artille- ry, fcc. All lhc Turks. The petition was ordered to be printed. HARVARD V.VIFERSITY. The annual commencement at this ancient seminary took place on Wednesday. His Excellency the Gov- ernor, with the other State Authorities, was escorted from this city to Cambridge, in the morning, by the corps of Ca\ airy under Capt. Piichardson. A proces- sion was then formed, consisting of the Government of the University, and their invited guests, which pro- ceeded to the meeting-house, where the literary exer- cises commenced at half past ten o'clock, to a very crowded and discriminating audience. Among other distinguished persons, we were gratified to see the Rev. President Ilolle-y, of tl e Transylvania College, of the audience on this interesting occasion. After the usual exercises, the Govermnent, with their guests, the Alumni of this and other similar institutions, repaired to the Hall, partook of a generous repast, and conclud- ed the day with their accustomed festivity. The degree of A. B. was conferred on fifty-nine young gentlemen. — Gaztlle. New York, .August 27. Although the last reports of the Board of Health are not of a nature to create new alarm, yet the panic stil continues, and is extending in the lower part of the city. This is however, natuial. The alarm is more conta- gious than the fever ; the stoutest heart is ajipalled by seeing his neighbors fleeing from their abodes, and the only relief is to follow them. Broadway, and the other great Avenues to the upper part of the town and Green- wich, exhibited yesterday a continued throng of carts, laden with merchandize from the warehouses below. It has already become a scene of bustle and business at the new locations. The Banks began to move yesterday morning, and we understand, are all now established at Greenwich and Broadway, excepting the JIanhattan, which is at their building in the Bowery, near the junction of Broadway. This is a great calamity to New York, but it is hoped, will be borne with fortitude. On the 24lh inst. the President issued his Proclama- tion opening the ports of the United States to British vessels from all the British Colonial Ports at which our vessels are admitted — and on reciprocal conditions, as regards the vessels, proportion of mariners, and na» tureof the cargo. — Palladmn. 10 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOR TUi: A'F.W ENCLA.VD FAR31ER. THE RICH MAN AXD THE POOR BOY. A certain lad, who was a iva; complete Whom even a yankee pedlar could not cheat, Full of finesse, and paltry cunning tricks, As rogues who shine in party politic?, Oucc met a coxcomb with less brains than cash, THio therefore undertook to cut a dash By dint of money, having nought beside To form the underpinning of his pride. " May't please your honor, sir," the urchin said, " Give me two cents to buy some ginger-bread." " I give you cents! — you little vile clod-hopprr, " Two kicks I'll give you, sooner than one copper. " Give you two cents! — that would indeed be funny, " You stand in need o( manntrs more than monry,"' " Sir," said the lad, " I ask your honor's pardon. " My case you must acknowledge is a hard one ; " For neither cash nor manners / ean boast of, " 1 therefore ask'd for what ijuii had the most of." FOR THE SEW F.NGI.AKD FARMER. THE SCHOLAR WHO LOST HIS KEY-HOLE. A scholar, once, who had been drinking till he Was quite impertinent and somewhat silly, Came reeling home 'twixt twelve and one at niglit, Fumbling his way to bed without a light. But bellows out as loud as he could roar, " Somt rogut has stoVn Iht l,i i/-holc lo my door .'" From the American Daily Advertiser. Extract of a letter from an American gentleman in Smyrna, dated 21th May last, to hi.i friend in Philadelphia. " Our situation in this conntry continues to be very distrcssiniij, and our t'utnrc prospects most nncert;(in. Notwithstanding- the strong hopes that now exist, that a war with Russia will not take place, I must confess, I cannot much flatter myself with that hope. The Turks, by their conduct, will lorce Kussia, if not eventually all the Christian powers, to declare war asfainst them. The Island of Scio, containing- a popula- tion of about one hundred and fifty thousand, has been taken by the Turks. This island wa« by far the richest of any of the Archipelago. The Turk*, on their appearance, held out pro- mises of pardon ; they met with scarcely any resistance, still all the men have been killed, and the women and children made slaves, and daily pass through this ]>laco, on their way to different parts of Asia. To behold a young lady of respectable family, brought up in all the ease of alUuence, a slave to some Turkish IJoor, is most distressing. Other scenes, far worse, we arc obliged to see and hear of daily. Strict or- ders are given tc prevent any of Ihese slaves from being sold to any Christian ; slill, howev- er, a few, very fow, are saved in this way, at a great expense. " The Turkish licet and the Greeks are now in presence of each other; the force of the lat- ter is very inferior lo the former, still they do not venture to attack them. The Greeks wail to find them at anchor, with the hopes of burn- ing them ; should they succeed, we may expect great disturbances here.'" About GO blacks were convicted at Charles- ton, for being concerned in the late conspiracy, .'j4 of whom were executed, and the rest sen- tenced to be transported. From the Baltimore I'atriol of August 14. DROUGHT. The northern and western parts of Maryland, and Ihe adjacent parts of Pennsylvania, have suffered from a drought tliis season to a de- gree, unprecedented within the memory of the oldest persons living, hi York, (Peni^) no rains of consequence had taken place on the llith inst. from the preceding 21st of February, the time of the fresh — and for the la=t two months, there had not been a shower. Not one mill out often could grind at all, and the few that could, were not able to supply the dom ind. Farmers have been obliged to go twenty miles, to get as much ground as woidd supporl their families. The Vork paper seriously stales, ibat a few v.-ecks more of dry weather, would compel the inhabi- tants to resort to Baltimore for flour I ! The summer crop.s have almost altogether failed. — " Some fields will not yield a grain of Corn, and the best of them not more than a few bushels to the acre." \'erbal reports and letters confirm these statements, and in fact, give even more gloomy views of the state of the crops and the streams in the adjacent part of our state. The York Gazette says, " we hoar daily of springs that were considered never-failing, disap- pearing, and the people, like the thirsty throng of Israel, have to go miles in quest of water to sustain themselves." Although nothing like the distress alluded to, has been experienced in Baltimore and its vicini- ty, the season has been of late very dry. Y es- terday the dried plains received partial refresh- ment from timely showers, which have caused a perceptible difference in the atmosphere. CHOICr. OF A WIFE. As notwithstanding all that wit, or malice, or pride, or prudence, will be able to suggest, men and women must at last pass their lives togeth- er; I have never, therefore, thought those wri- ters friends to human happiness, who endeavor to excite in either sex a general contempt or suspicion of the other. To persuade those who arc entering the world, and looking all abroad for a suitable associate, that all are etpially vi- cious, or equally ridiculous; that they who "trust arc certainly betrayed, and they who esteem are always disappointed, is not to awaken judg- ment, but to inflame temerity. Without hope there can be no caution. Those who are con- vinced that no reason for preference can be found, will never harass their thoughts with doulil and deliberation ; they will resolve, since they are doomed to misery, that no needless anxiety shall disturb their quiet, they will plunge at hazard into the crowd, and snatch the first hand that shall be held towards them. That the world is over-run with vice cannot be de- nied ; but vice, however predominant, has not yet gained unlimited dominion. Therefore, those who undertake to initiate the young ami ignorant in the knowledge of life, should be careful to inculcate the possibility of virtue and happiness, and to encourage endeavors by pros- pects of success.— Jo/uiii'o»i. From a Philadelphia Paper of August 17. We were yesterday highly gratified with the sight of a man walking on the water by the help of the life preserver. He jumped boldly into the middle of the Delaware, and made his w-ay ag- ainst the tide with apparently but little exertion. The length of time which it took to put on and adjust tl>e dross, struck most of those present as a serious objeetion, but we learn that ihis incon- venience will be remedied in anew dress vi-bich the inventor is now preparing; and we have no doubt tliat the invention inay prove useful in cases of shipwreck near land, where, not unfre- qucnlly, it only one can escape to shore, meant ma}' be obtained of saving the whole crew. President Adams has recently given in imme- diate possession to his native town, Quincy, near- ly two hundred acres of land, containing in a part of it an inexhaustible quarry of stone for buil- ding houses; the whole ]irocceds to be appropri- ated to religious and literary purposes from gen- eration to generation. He has also given to the lovvn his whole library consisting ol' highly val- ui'.ble books, in various languages. This has al- ready come into possession of the town. Portsmouth Journal. Aa eminent Physician, who was acquainted with the dangerous effects of Lead on the hu- man constitulion, recommended those who re- ceived their su])ply of water through Leaden Pipes., to have the water which had been stand- ing in the pipes through the night, drawn oif every morning, before they drav,- for the use of their families. There is a dear and precious period in the life of man, which, brief as sweet, is best ap- preciated in recollection ; when but to exist i* to enjoy ; when the rapid pulse throbs wildly with the vague delight which fills the careless heart, and when it may be truly said, that noth- ing is, but what is not. There is not the greatest man living but may stand in need of the meanest, as much as the meanest does of him. When the heart is deeply involved, every sense allies itself to its feelings, and the eye beholds no object, and the ear receives no sound, which, in the first impression, awakens not the master pulse of emotion. Pielations take the greatest liberties, and give the least assistance. If a stranger cannot help us with his purse, he will not insult us with his comments; but with relations, it mostly happens, that they are the veriest misers with regard to their property, but perfect prodigals in the arti- cle of advice. PRONf.NCIATIO.V. Sir David Dundas spoke in Parliament witlr a broad Scotch accent. " I say, Mr. Speaker," said he upon one occasion, " it is not in the poor [power] of this house to do so." " What," Slid a country member, " does the advocate of Scotland mean by talking of the poor of this hoijse ?" '• He means, I suppose," said Mr. F,. •• the forty-five Scotch members." A person having asked his physician how- much daily food was required to nourish and support the body, the physician replied, " One" jiound of Ibod will support m;in ; should he take- more; the man must support the Ibod." iril * ■^ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published every Saturday, by THOMAS W. SHEPARU, Hogers' liiiilding, Congress Street, Boston ; at $-2,50 per aim. in advance, or $3,00 at the close of the year. \ OL. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1822. No. 6. At (he sug:grstion of a friend, but in perfect accord- n. ' with our own views, we this day commence tlie r-pnblication of the foUowin;^ pamphlet, which we li ili continue, from time to time, till completed. Al- -h not designed particularly for this section of the -1, it is, for the most part, as well adapted to New Old as to New York ; and we think its contents .it fail to be interesting to that cla?s in the com- nunity, who have most leisure to read, and may be xpected lo derive mo.=t profit from reading. Writings ike the following have a tendency to make the most iseful pursuits the most fashionable, and may perhaps urn the attention of many young men of family and brtune lo almost the only honorable vocation, which s not already thronged and crowded to a degree which eaves but little chance of success to new competitors. "^onsidcrntions on the necessity of ettablLliiua an ,'lgricultural College^ and liavitig more of the children of Zi-caltky citizens educated for the profession of fanning. Albany' : Wcbsters &. Skinners, pp. -1'2. The purpose of the following observations i.< o recommend an institution for the education if agriculturists, or, in more familiar language, teach the bu.siness of farming. The necessity of such an institution is the irst thing that will be required to be shewn I efore advocates for it can be expected, and his I think will appear in a convincing manner 7om the following considerations. There are now thousands of wealthy citizens 1 this state who do not know what to do with leir sons. In the tirst place, without any de- ■rminale object in view, they give them a lib- ral education, or rather, they send them for >ur years to a cohege to obtain the reputation r having a graduate's diploma, and so much istruction in the dead languages and the ordi- iry sciences as they are compelled or dispos- J to attend to ; after that there are only three rofessions from which ordinarily they are to loose their means of living and rising into )nsequence — la-s.\ physic and divinity ; but so reat arc the numbers of young gentlemen des- ned for those professions, that their prospects •e truly dismal ; but what other provision can eir fathers make for them ? Turn them to me mechanic employment ? that is consider- 1 too degrading — To manufacturing? it has en tried and proved ruinous — To mercantile isiness? that too is overstocked — To the armv navy ? there is little room there, and many ■asons against it — To farming ? nothing, it I's id, can be made by it. In most European countries, the manufactur- g department affords a vast opening for rcs- ;clab!c enterprise, and gives employment to illions. Its business can scarcely be overdone. it arc found some of the most" important and fluential men of the nation to which they bc- ng. In respectability, wealth and usefulness. w in other departments excel them. Hither en, without offence to the most lastidious ide, may the oflspring of families of ev. t\ nk be directed for employment. To us this ppartment may in some sense be said to be K'solutely shut, a circuBslancc whicli most uia- terialij' narrows the field of profitable and hon- orable pursuit. With us so few arc the chan- nels of what is esteemed exclusively reputable business, by the proud classes of society, that a multiludo, too great I'or their capacities, rushes into them at once. Happily for the agricultural department, it has, among all the capricious and absurd modifications and revolutions of nations, remained exeinpt from dishonorable imputa- tion ; but Still it is guarded by a terrific phan- tom, which threatens ol).?curity and poverty to those who shall attempt to enter it, still repeat- ing, that by fanning nothing is to be inctdc. That nothing is to be made by t'arming, how- ever, is an opinion easy to be related, and that will presently be done ; in the mean while, some further preliminary observations are to be made. There are no entailed estates in our country : and there are very few, however enormous, that may not be dissipated by the immediate descen- dants of those who have acquired tlieni. It may therefore he said, with little qualification, that every person, whatever ma3' be his patrimony, must calculate on being the arbiter of his own fortune. As many young men are now brought up in opulent families, the inevitable conse- quence will be that they, excepting such as may fortunately escape the effects of their education, must eventually sink out of siight from the re- spectable part of the community. In the mean time the descendants of the industrious mechan- ics, following the lessons and examples of their fathers, together with those extraordinary gen- iuses, that not unfrequently rise from the man- sions of obscurity, will by their native powers •and unsiibduable energies, mount to the highest eminences, comnuind the wealth, and rule the destinies of their country. It is melancholy to look back and see how many families ol high repute, have, merely by fostering a despicable, inert, family pride, and disdaining such occupa- tions for their children as \vere only suited to their talents, and abandoning them to their way- ward inclinations, become extciTninaledfrom the ranks in which they formerly stood. And it is pitiable, truly pitiable, to see, as any one ip every section of the country may see, by look- ing not far about him, a family raised to opu- lence and character by the genius, enterprise and industry of its head, exhibiting, from the same cause, sure and dismal presages of its spee- dily submerging far below the level of its pre- sent stand in society. — Who cannot point to some such in which not one of its branches can be selected with the least prospect of a survi- ving reputation distinguished from that of the common mass of mankind, after the head of il shall have ceased to uphold it? And hoiv is this to be accounted for? By that same pernicious pride and most culpable tenderness, which for- bid persons, elevated by their circumstances but a little above the common level, to subject their children to that severe discipline which is indispensably necessary to prepare them t'ov such callings, no matter which, as arc indicated by their capacities and the natural bent of their dispositions. Such persons do to their sons the office of the angel of ['ar^dise, in guarding, a- I gainst their entrance, the only place where hap- piness for them is to be found. Nor can it es- ^ cape observation, that to the neglect of early I and systematic religious and moral instruction, can evidently he traced the annihilation of fami- I lies once holding conspicuous stations in the community. It may here be proper also to make some re- marks on the notion which is generally enter- tained of the hardships, sometimes called cruel- tics, of discipline. The discipline of young ])er- sons is nolliiiig more than compelling them to do what they ought to do, and must do, to c.«cape a comparatively ignominious life, but what they arc naturally unwilling to do, and by proper means to impress on them the habit of" doing it Tills in the operation may not be pleasant to the patient, but the habit once induced will be- come the source of his greatest enjoyments As some confirmation of tlie truth of this re- mark, I have heard persons, who had in their earlier age passed tlirough a course of the se- verest discipline, animadvert on it with the highest satisihclion ; and w ith recollections of gratitude to their, once considered cruel, mas- ters, ascribe (o it all the consequence they had acquired in life. On the contrary, I have heard bitter upbraidings from those who have in after life wofully experienced the effect of its not having been enforced by those who had the control of them in the days of their infancy and youth. I believe every reader of this will, from his own experience, be ready to testify to the just- ness of this remark. For myself I can truly say, that there is no hardship which I have suffered to prepare mc tor the duties of life, nor any which I have endured in the prosecution of them, \vhich I now regret. If 1 have any one thing more tlian others to regret, in my recol- lections of the past, it is, that stronger injunc- tions have not been enforced, or that a greater self-control, and a course of more scrupulous and assiduous performance of duties have not l^een a-^sumed. The pains of additional labor would have been abundantly compensated by the feelings of self-applause, which a retrospec- uon would afford, and the satisfaction yielded liy a consciousness of powers better matured for actions more extensively useful. On this topic I will make one other remark which, as to its importance and truth, I recom- mend fo the serious and dcliberafe consideratioa of those wealthy parents, v.hose anxieties to pro- vide for the happiness of their children, render them incapable of attending to the plainest dic- tates of reason and the most impressive lessons of experience. A youth supplied v/ith cash lo the amount of his wishes, to he employed for his pleasures in such ways as his undisciplined inclinations may lead him into, and which will most probably be to di>>ipated company, gambling houses, and the resorts of obscenity and intemperance, will enjoy much less real happiness than an apprentice un- der the strictest master of a mechanic art. Be- sides, such a youth must expect ultimalely to find the apprentice of the mechanic, and many a lar- mer"5 son, infinitely his superior in the estimation 42 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. comforts ; and il he has any reflection, he will look back with hitter but unavailina: regret on the cruel indulg-cnce of his parents. Better for hiin would it have been if he had been the oflfspring of poverty, or, as is sometimes the melancholy I'act, better that he never had been born. Hut .should he, by a happy-constitution, or a fortu- nate concurrence of circnm~tances, be kept from the paths of dishonor and vice, still tlie chance in great that his pursuits will be al'ter frivolous objects, and that his character through life will be marked with the stamp of insignificance. To such a doom do many of our most wealthy and respectable citizens deliberately devote their offspring. Cruel parents! Neglecting to bring up a son to any business, trade or profes- sion, whatever may be the rank or condition of the parent, is a crime of the deepest die — it is next to munler — It is the same thing as cut- ling off from society one of its members, whose usefulness, if a due discharge of parental duty had not been omitted, might have been cminent- Jy great — It is more — It is letting loose on soci- ety one, who, as he has not been taught to do any thing useful, must of necessity do miscliief, for inaction is unnatural. If his constitutional powers, temper and disposition happen fortun- ately to be feeble, mild and spiritless, he may be comparatively harmless. But the greater his powers, the more ardent his temper, the more perverse his disposition, and the more in- flated his pride, and these commonly go together, the greater is the evil to be apprehended tVom him — It is a parent's devoting his child to that unhappy existence, which is the inevitable lot of all who are not put into the road of useful em- ployment, and often it happens that it is also consigning him to ignominy, coupled with every calamity of life in its most terrible form — It is a crime of the worst kind against the community — It is one of the most cruel curses that a fa- ther can intlict on a son.* Let the biographies of eminent men be con- .sultcd, and it will be seen, that, superadded to the ordinary severities of their instructers or masters, their distinction is to be chiefly ascrib- ed to self-i7iiposed severities, deliberately adopt- ed and perseveringly observed, till they have riviited the habits that gave the complexion of their fortunes and determined their destinies. Such men have in their education and subse- quent pursuits submitted themselves to priva- tions and toils compared with which the ap- prenticeship and labors of the most active iar- mer may be said to be but of trifling amount. Without such self-imposed discipline, Franklin would not have risen above the standing of an ordinary printer. Washington, whose name is encircled with a halo of glory unparalleled a- mong mortals, would have been confounded with the common planters of Virginia, had he not, from early life, subjecteil himself to a uni- form series of labors and sufferings, both of body niid mind, of which the mo-t industrious farmer or mechanic cannot form an adequate idea. It is nevertheless true, however, that the innate greatness of such men gives them a sublimity of feelinjj that makes their labors and sufferings comparatively light. And so will it be with all who undertake a profession with that exalted enthusiasm which is not to be daunted, nor chilled for a moment, by prospects of the great- est obstacles, but, ever contident of victory, will encounter them with the utmost prompitude and alacrity, however formidable and appalling their character or appearances may be. The chief difference between the noble and ignoble of the human race is this : The one, after liaving obtained a distinct view of his du- ties, and the necessary means for attaining a noble end, prescribes to himself a conduct for accomplishing his purposes from which he will never deviate, whatever may be the tempta- tions or discouragements to induce him to re- linquish it or to relax in his efforts. The other will, on the appearance of every little difficulty, shrink into himself like a snail, or sink into a helpless state of despondency. Read the choice of Hercules when addressed by Fame and Pleasure, personified as deities. Had he been intimidated by the labors which the first required of him, or accepted, like many an unfortunate youth of our times, of the prom- ised dalliances of the other, instead of obtaining an immortal fame, he would have sunk, a mis- erable, debauched, effeminate wretch, into the gulf of oblivion. Nothing is more idle or preposterous than the notion that success or celebrity, in any sphere, can be obtained without great exertion and intense application. Reason, at the first glance, pronounces it ioolish ; and every day's observation shows it to be false ; and yet it seems, some parents think that their sons will become soiiicthiiig without any labor to qualify them for it, and as a consequence, their sons dream of distinctions without an effort to attain them. They expect to glide smoothly down stream on the credit of a family name, or a family's riches, or po.ssibly on the reputation of a superior genius, without the necessity of com- batting contrary winds and currents, into a port where accumulatious of wealth ,ind honor await them. Miserable dreams ! fatal delusions ! No : young men must have it impressed on them, as an undeniable self-evident proposition, that they must work, and work hard both in qualifying themselves for the business of their profession, whatever that may be, and in conducting it af- terwards, if they have any ambition to be seen in the ranks of honorable men ; and that all their powers must be strenuously, systematically and perseveringly exerted, if they aim at any thing like superiority. (to be conti.vued.) *■ Tlic author lias been informed, that in a town in this state, not as populous as Albany now is, and not less healthful, out of forty younj; men of llie most re- spectable families whn had reaclicil thi' a2;e of manliood, MASS.\CnUSETTS AGRICULTURAL HEP0SIT0RV AND JOURNAL, FOR JUNE.* (Continued from p. 22.) The next article which merits particular at- tention, is by J. Lowell, Esq. on the culture of Sea Kale, (Crambe Maritima,) and of the Salsa- fy, or Oyster Plant, (Tragopogon.) Mr. Lowell says these plants were introduced some years since, but their use has not become common m this country, although they are both favorites at European tables. '■'• The Sea Kale is a plant of recent intro- duction in Europe. Perhaps its culture cannot be traced back beyond forty years. It is a na- tive of the sea coast of the Southern parts ot England, where it is found growing in sea land. '■• It is very hardy — grows in any tolerable soil — is perennial, and costs not half the labor bestowed on asparagus. It may be raised from the seed or from the root, and fifty plants, oc- cupying a very small space, will supply a single family. In its taste it resembles the Cauliflower The only labor it requires is to cover it witl san private, by the Committee appoint- ed to that duty on Tuesday the 24tli of Septem- ber, and the articles must be entered with the Recording Secretary, and delivered to the per- son appohited to receive them before 1 1 o'clock of the forenoon of that day. These articles, together n:ith whatever is curious and ivonderfiil in fabric, or in the product nf the Earth, 'i'ill be publicly exhibited in the Rooms of the Soci..ty from 9 o'clock, A.M. until 5 o'clock, P.M. of the 25th. The citizens of the county are respect- fully and earnestly solicited to contribute to the interest in the Exhibition, by sending to the Rooms any article in their jiosscssion, which may be worthy of observation, although it may not be of the description advertised for Premi- um. The most faithftil attention will be paid to ' preserve every thing from injury, and to re- store the property to the respective owners. The Rooms for the Exhibition, are furnished to the use of the Society by the liberality of Ma- jor Flagg, and arc the same which were used the last ysar. The Funds of the Society will not admit of further gratuities for the Exhibition of Teams of Cattle from the neighboring towns, but the Committee trust in the public spirit of their fel- low citizens that the high gratification afforded by the fine display made by the good 3'eomanry of Sutton and Shrewsbury, the two last jears, will be renewed at the approaching Cattle Show, by similar Exhibitions from those and other con- veniently situated towns of the county. The respective Committees of Premiums will make their Reports, and the Premiums will be awarded in the Meeting-house, at five o'clock, P. M. Marshals are appointed and will be under oath, to enforce the Rules and Regulations of the Trustees, and to preserve good order on the occasion. God speed the plough, and give success to the Spindle, the Shuttle, and the Loom! Lev: LI^•coL^•, Theophilus \Vheeler, Committee Oliver Fiske, > of Thomas Chamberlain, Jlrrangemenis. Nathan Howe, J Worcester, .'lug. 28, 1822. Mr. Isaiah J. Hendrix, of Bennington, (Vt,) has lately invented, and obtained a patent tor an instrument c,-Ir. Harvey, of Ghi'igow, by using cow urine has cut grass six times in a season, and that the aver.ige of each cutting was fifteen inches in length.'' Should the farmer think that drains, of the above description, would be too expensive, he may obtain some practical hints from the foIlo^ving observations by Sir Humphrey Davy. " When dung is to be preserved for any time, the situation in which it is kept is of impor- tance. It should, if possible, be defended from the sun. To preserve it under sheds wouicl be of great use ; or to make the site of a dunghill on the north side of a wall or building. The floor, or place, on which the dung is heaped, should, if ])Osut whatever was the exact proportion caustic lime, the mortar was made of these ma terials in proportions expressed, and was em ployed for pinning the outside joints of th stone wall of a house situated in a tempestuou climate, and exposed to every blast. It is hot about fourteen years since it was finished, an I do not believe there has fallen to the grount in all that time, one pound weight of th I mortar.* " Had this mortar been employed in buildin a thick wall, whore it would have been suftere to dry slow enough, there seems to be littl reason to doubt but it would in time have be come as firm as the stones of the wall itself " From these considerations we maj' clearl see, that it is impossible to prescribe any d< terminate proportion of sand to lime, as th: must vary according to the nature of the limt and other incidental circumstances, which would be tiresome to enumerate, and whic would form an infinity of exceptions to an general rule. '' But it would seem, we might safely infe that the moilerns in general, rather err in gi.' ing too little sand, than in giving too much. '• It deserves, however, lo be remarked, th; the sand, when naturally in the limo-stone, more intimately blended with the lime thr can ])o.ssibly be ever effected by any mechan cal operation — so that it would be in vain 1 hope to make good mortar artificially from pui lime, with such a small proportion of caust calcareous matter, as may sometimes be effec ed when the lime naturally contains a vei large proportion of sand. But there seems 1 be no doubt that if a much larger proportion ' * fn a note to a serontl edition of this worlc is tl lollowinf^ addition : — "After seven years longer tri; the mortar still proves good and firm, and exhibits 1 appearance of evtx falling;."" NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 45 sand were cmplovcJ, and U' that were iii^ire caretully blended, and expeditiously worked, than is common, the mortar would be mucli more perfect than usual in modern times. '• Tliis 1 have tried experimentally, with the •desired success.'" From the !«. England Journal of Mtdicinc and Surgf ry. Messrs. Editors, If you think a publication of the following facts which I hnve obtained by reading- some late writers upon the subjects to which they re- late, will be of any public utility, you are at liberty to insert them in your valuable Jour- nal. J. B. BROWN. A knowledoje of the diseases of animals in gen- eral, cannot be inferred from a knowledge of the diseases of any one particular species of an- imals. Thus he who is acquainted with The diseases of the horse, would not from that circumstance be able to prescribe correctly for the diseases of quadrupeds generally. The anatomy and pby.siology of animals differ. For example, the , so bomidias.-i is tho liokl. llint itna3;inatioD cannot ^rasp the population sufli- (^icnt-to fill it; and it is only in proportion as that ilourislies will be the snl>s;antial uo.ilth, the ppw;cr, the grandeur, and (he happiness of our country. It is the only solid foundation on v.h'ich our national pro.-[ierity can be erected, and therefore the object, of all others, that ou!;'-ht first and chiefly to engage the attention ot s^vernment. ISo rational sciicmc for its ad- vancement can therefore, consistent with that wisdom ivhich characterises true statesmen, be treated othenvise than with an impartial and a deliberate investia^alion of its merits; and if found eligible, whatever apparent did'ic,;^ties may be in the way, its adoption must and will be eflccted. It is therefore true ]>olicy to drav/ into this field as many as possible, e>iiccially of young men, qualilied tor it by a suitable education, and possessed of a capital sudicient to conduct tlieir affairs to advantage. But how is such an ac- quisition to be eflected ? At present there is no doubt that there are numbers of men of fortune in our states, and many of them large owners of lands, who would wish to fjualify, as firmers, at least some of their sons, and give them suitable establishments as such, but are deterred from it by such consid- erations as the following. Success in every profession or calling depends on a perfect knowledge of it. — Such knovv-ledge cannot be obtained witliout actual ajiplication for its attainment as a student or apprentice for a competent time. — The proi'ession of a iV.rmer, no less than that of a lawyer, a physician, a di- vine, a manullicturer, or of any of the mechanic arts, cannot be iluly acquired without such ap- plication. — For any one to undertake a business w'dh which he is aaacquaiiited, or rather for ■vliich he has not been I'egularly educated, is the height of follj-, as it must in all ]irobability eventually ruin him. — In every kind .of busi- ness there will be sharp competitions, and those who arc the most ajioit and skillul in it, will, with equal means and industry, make the most by it, and those who have not a competent kn<)wledge of it must suflor in its pursuit. IV'ow, how are the sons of v.'ealthy gentle- Tiien of other professions to acquire such knowl- edge of agriculture ? At present there is no other way than to put them out to serve as appren- tices to farmers. To this there arc many ob- jections. From their previous education they will not be disposed to submit to the necessary discipline, and tiieir masters will not have it in their power to enforce it — They mav be associ- iitcd with laborers whose manners will contam- inate theirs — They will probably' be destitute ■>f all society by which they might be stimulated 'o further advances in their previous studies and a progress in refinement — Released from ade- quate restraints, they may be enticed, by j)rotli- gat<' companions, into low-bred jiractices, luid contract disgraceful and ruinous habits. Anil, af- ter all, in the l)cst situations, they could learn dftic more than the business of a farmer in its most ordinary state. For all this there is no remedy but an instilu- lion like lliat which is now proposed, tiie hajipy tendency of which, when once established, will beyond all doubt bo abundantly demonstrated as soon as it shall be completely carried intcj oper- ation. ^ It will make agricultural jmrsuits more fash- ionable, and engage in them (he noblest spring of human activity, the ambition to shine pre- eminent in a sphere of usefulness, of the most brilliant character, and the widest extended magnitude. (to be C0XT!>KEI).) PnEF.1RI.yG FL.'W. Wc esteem mirsclvcf fortunate in beiny pcritiiffed to lay before our readers the following extracts from a correspondence between His Excellency the Governor of Connecticut, and .S. W. Tomeroy, Ksq. of this State. The subject is of ]^reat importance, and if it continues to engage the attention of men of mind, influence, character and standing, its discussion may be the means of giving a new staple to New Kngland of little if ajiy less importance than cotton or tobacco to South- ern sections of the Union. — Ed. N. E. F. Litchfield^ Con. June 2.3, 1822. Df.ar Sii^, I have read with great satisfaction your Essay on the Cultivation of Flax, and consider it as the best I have seen ; what we now want, is a dis- covery of the best means of extracting- the gluT tinous matter, and decomposing the woody fibre, without fixing the color, so as to render the process of bleaching, difficult and expensive. The common process of rotting in the air, we know will never give us good Flax, and the process of water rotting will not be practised by our people generally ; it being a disagreea- ble and unhealthy business to those employed in it, and besides poisonous to our streams of water. The extension of our Flax culture, will, in my opinion, greatly depend upon our success in finding out a mode by which common farmers can extract the gluten, and weaken the woody fibre, so as to render Flax, after being stripped of its seeds, manageable bj' such operations or machines, as can be introduceu-info common use. The practical question is therefore, does (here, or does there not exist in nature, a cheap and common solvent, which can he applied to Flax, in mans, by operative farmers ? Yo\i live in a part of our country which is deeply interested in this question. You, more probably than any person with whom I am ac- quainted, can discover this solvent^ (if it exist,) i and the public attention having been much at- 1 traded to your publication, your recommenda- j tion would have a most extensive and salutary infiuence. I therefore take the liberty to request your particular attention to this interesting subject. I feel confident that the thing desired can he done, but I cannot command the means of making (lie necessary experiments : I can only suggest hints, which may be useful. F'lax may. in mass, be subjected to the action of steam. This may of itself extract the gluti- nous matter, and sufficiently weaken the woody filiro, alter being merelj' dried in the air : Will drosseil, as atferw.inls. A question must hi- ever arise, respecting the expences of ail l processes, compared with the value of the Fhi whea it has been prepared as an article of coi merce. I send you samples of Flax, which, as I ti derstand, were prepared in IlilKS: liundy's M chine. The yellozc is from Flax which had n been rotted ; and the zi'hite is the same artici after being bleached, hy means of soap suds, a weak solution of muriatic acid. \ our friend and obedient servant, OLIVER WOLCOTT. S. W. P0.MEROV, Esq. t fix the color of the plant ? The Flax, before steaming, may be soaked in weak lye, with or without lime, or lime water, and with, or with- out soaj) suds, and urine. Near the coast, salt water, with and without the combinations bet'orc mentioned, may be useful. Any of the chymical processes of bleaching, may, for ought I can perceive, be as well ap- plied to Flax in massj before it is broken and Brighton, 1-ith July, 1822 Dear Sm, Your highly valued favor of 29th ult. ivi samples of Flax; prepared in Hill & Bund_' k) machines, came to hand a few days since. Soon after the publication of the "Essay Flax Husbandry,'' the Hoard of Trustees oft ')" Massachusetts Agricultural Society, proraulgat the offer of liberal rewards for the best expo ments on the preparation of Flax, by boilh steaming, or any other than the usual mode Though the quantity required was only 75 1 and the period for receiving it continued the middle of January, none was exhibite and as the competition was not confined to lo bounds, there is reason to believe that the pi lication of the invention bj' Messrs. Dey & M donald, of a machine that would supersede ( necessity of nny preparation, and its success operat!o,n confidently relied on, had an-efiect paralize all efforts of the kind. From- the best information I was able to c lect, before my Essay went to press, I fel strong conviction that the machines of Hil Bundy could not be made extensively useful this country ; and if their neglect in G. Britr except for employing infirm people and childi in poor houses and cottages, was not sufhcic I have since received intelligence from a sou entitled to confidence, that places the quest beyond. all doubt. An acquaintance with a g tieman of respectability, lately arrived fr England, has furnished interesting facts c nected with the present subject, some of wh it may be well to state belore 1 attempt a re to your queries. This person has been ext sively engaged in the manufacture of linen machinery at Leeds. He says that " spinn by hand is mostly abandoned ; that last y about tzcenty thouscmd spindles were in operat at Leeds and its vicinity, which worked up ; thousand tons of flax for i'abrics, from the coi est sort, to those worth three shillings sterl per yard, at as cheap a rate (calculating len and breadth) as cotton is spun, and i'rom I prepared in the usual way ; — that no confidei is placed in the general utility of Hill & Bunc machines — the price of dressing and bleach by them being sixpence sterling per pound' about equal to the cost of the whole mate as now used ; — that " the advantage of work bleached (lax is of no great importance si the discovery and impro\emenls in (he prod of bleaching with the Oxi muriate of lime, which linen, even from dew rotted fiax, is hi ched nearly as chea]) as cotton, and, if judicifl ly applied, without the least danger of injurj the article;'' — it should also be considered (I cloth made from bleached f}a:i-niust be submi(| » IMI ims mil 11- «i *«[ ill illi)[ til lit ltd It (III iftW w* Seil« *nii ■jlm wrhi mil i I»l NEW ENGLAND FARWEK. a similar jirocess before it is niailfi up ibr larket. Il 1 coinciile ill the opinion yon have expressed, '^l" ir, that " the extension of llax culture nil! "1 reatly depend upon finding ont a iModo hy 'hicli coiiimon fanlicrs can extract the a:!uti- "ous matter and weaken the woody fibre, so as ) render the flax manageable by such opera- oiis or machines as can be introd\iced into "'ommon use,''' and sincerely regret my inability S\y adduce facts in answer to your question, does there or does there not exist in nature a heap and common solvent which can be applied 5 tlax, in mans, by operative farmers?" Fcel- lar, like yourself, confident that " the thing de- ed can be c^oiif," and, alfhoug-h possessed of data derived from experiments, as ym have esired my opinion on the subject 1 sliall sub- ivi lit a few remarks which will pass for what ley may be worth. The candor and liberality manifested b}' Mr. >C!/, and the spirit with which he pursues his bject, are to be admired ; but admitting that is most sanguine expectations will be realized 1 the successful operation of his machines for [, ?parating the fibre or harle from the stem of ic plant, yet the very important process of leansing it from the ■^lu'iiious inaiter remains ) be performed, and the question occurs, "can ot this be done, in the large s'ay, as cheap., and 'ith much less hazard by common farmers with le raw siein, as with the fibres after they are jparated ?" I am inclined to believe that it an. The only objection is the expense and iconvenience of managing a more bulky ani- le ; but will not the dressed flax require equal ibor in dividing it into minute parcels for the leansing process, and uncommon care in btind- ng and drying to prevent immense waste ? By pplying the solvent to the stem, it is reasonable ) suppose that the " woody fibre" would be ■eakened to'such a degree that much less pow- r will be required to separate it, and of course ;ss complicated and expensive machines. It is not probable that the end we are seek- ig will be ejgieiemlij attained without the aid of eat. Steam eveti irom pure water is a most owerful solvent ; and 1 have great faith that /ith a proper menstruutn, it may be success- illy applied by common farmers. I am led fo his conclusion by its operation with a perfectly imple apparatus in 2i:aslnng clothes — by far the reatest and most economical improvement yet iscovered to disarm icnshing day of its terrors. t consists of a pot or boiler., ivith a close cover. Qto which a tin or leaden tube is inserted, and a ub or box with a similar carer. The clothes. fter being wet and a little soap rubbed on the nost soiled parts of them, are laid upon slats or helves in the tub or box, the tube is then con- lected with it, and the boiler nenrly filled with vater mixed with a weak solution of potash or ey from the leach tub, n lire is put under the loiler late in the afternoon, it boils during the ivening and is left simmering till morning, vhen the clothes are taken out; and they must lave been very foul to require any more labor ban rinsing once or twice to make them pcr- ectly clean. Now this process is managed by ■ommon house maids ! What is to prevent them, he wives and daughters of farmers and even armers themselves from attending to a similar )rocess on a larger scale ? I apprehend no (Inn- er from steam, in fixing any stain or color, that may be communicated by the plant. • We will now inquire for a menslruiJtn witfiin' the reach of •• common farmers," ami it will not be necossurj' for the present object to com- bine the bleaching ])rocoss, though it may fol- low in a considerable degree. 1 would here observe that there was an imporlant omission in copying my Essay for the press, in quoting from the transactions of the Swedith Academy, of the application of birch ashes spread between the layers of flax before the salt ica'e/- was turn- ed on for boiling. Should such a process be found beneficial, sea -dealer can be easily nnd cheaply imitated in the interior countr}-. Mr. Dey asserts that the materials he has discovered for cleaning and bleaching flax dres- sed by his machine, "are abundant in eveiT farmer's house." 1 shall be much mistaken in my conjectures if ashes, salt, and perhaps lime, with vegetable acid or sour milk are not the prin- cipal constituents of his secret! The substances used in bleaching will, I be- lieve, either combined or separate, afford the best solvent wilhin our knowledge, for the ob- ject in view ; and acids are considered of pri- j m.iry and indispensable importance ; they Were j formerly produced by the fermentation of r^c iiical or bran- — sour milk was also used as exten- sively as it could be obtained. But it has been | found that a weak solution of sulphuric acid an- swers the same purpose — is more convenient and much cheaper. Oil of vitriol in a highly concentrated state is now manufactured in Bos- ton, and sold at not more than eight cents per pound — one pound of which is said to bj? suih- cieiit to acidulate two hundred gallons of water. It is probable however that live pounds to that quantity of water, if thoroughly mixed, would net injure the material and accelerate the pro- cess. When we reflect upon the rationale of 'he preparation of flax by the usual method of steeping in water, it appears that it is the acid ])roduced by the acetous fermentation that dis- solves the glutinous matter: the mere act of fermentation has no other eflect than to give motion to the lieptid, its has been demonstrated by eminent bleachers in Great Britain when comparing the eflect of sulphuric acid ivifh that produced by fermentation. It if true that by sleeping, the putrid fermenttition which rapidly follows the acetous, hastens the operation and more readily decomposes the woody fibre, but with manifest injury to the material ! Now it requires ten or fourteen da^s to prepare flax by steeping, when doLic in cool weather as it should be ; if this can be eftected in half as many hours with sulphuric acid, even with the expense of heat, may it not be the cheapest solvent ? It should be kept in view, that there is a cellular oil in flax, which an alkaline ley de- stroys ; this is apparent from the harshness of linen yarn tlitit has been boiled in it — the de- composition of this oil may be necessary to the completely bleaching of Jine go()ds, but it is im- portant to retain it for sail cloth, as not only rendering it fofi and pliable, but as a preserva- tive against mildew. The sicam from such ley however, is supposed not to produce that eflect. Whether the oxi-mnriate of lime, the principal agent now used for bleaching, may be success- fully applied as a solvent to the raw stem of flax, can be determined only by experiments ; the materials for forming it are abundant and chciip. A formula 1 met with Kotnc years agd. rc(|uires.GO lbs. &i fnely pou'dercd quicklime au*^. ;50 lbs. of comiricn salt to be mixed with 1 10 gallons 6f water in the receiver; into the dis- tilling ves.sel is put 30 lbs. of salt, v.'ith 30 lbs. o( mar.ganese, which are to be well mixed, and 30 lbs. of oil of vitriol, diluted with the same weight of water, turned on. But I am told thai great improvements have been made of late — that it is prepared in tlio dry way, which ren- ders it conveniently portable, and fs sold to the bleachers at a very cheap rate.* Perhaps the, simple muriate rf lime would an swer the purpose ; in that case the expensi would be much lessened, and the operation so simplifled as to render it convenient to be used by operative farmers. 1 should feel extremel}' happy. Sir, was it iii my power, to institute a course of cxperinuni- agreeably to your suggestions, and which youi partiality supposes me capable of performing ; but a pressure of domestic avocations, togefhej- ^vith preparations for an expected absence from home, of some months continuance in the au- tumn, vvholly preclude siich aitempts. At the same time I beg you to rest assured that I shall always feel r.mbitious, to the extent of my abil- ity, to co-operate ttir tlie promotion of uirai, ECONOMY, with one who hai devoted so great a portion of life for the advancement of the sub- stantial interests of his country. ^Vith respectful and sincere attachment, 1 remain, sir, vour obedient servant, S. W. POMEKOY His Ex'y Ouvr.r. Woicott, Litchfield, "Con. *The substance of tlie moile of prepanug Blcaciiirig Powder, according to as hite an iiilproTenitut as any we liave seen, is as Ibllows : Oxjgenated nuiriatic acid is capable of forming h compound witli calcareous earth, and with the carltis barytes, strdntites, and magnesia, in llie dry way, that is, wilhout these earths being either suspended, or dis- solved in water ; and this is effected merely by bring- ing the oxygenated muriatic gas into contact with these earths in form of lumps, pieces, powder or paste, or into contact with mixtures of them, witli sucli other bodies in the above forms, as do not impede or liiuder their attraction for the acid. It has been found that the oxygenated muriates of lime, and of the earths mentioned above, thus formed, when mixed with wa- ter, possess the power of removing color from linen, cotton, and various otlier veg-etable and animal sub- stances, and have been profitably applied for that pur- pose. See Repertory nfjlrls, vol. xii., p. 1, sec. s^rie.':. If we mistalce not. Sir Humphrey Davy, in one of his lectures has intimated tha' there is danger lest the caustic powers of oxy-muriale of lime should injure the texture of the material to be bleached ; and he therc-iure prelers magnesia as one of the ingredients of bleaching powder to lime. Simple muriate of lime, as recommended by Jlr. Pomeroy, deserves experiment, and ]>erhaps lime slacked with sea water, or salt in solution with water, would be found useful. Care however is necessary not to apply caustic substances of too great strength, and in every case to thoroughly rinse the goods in pure water after every application of a bleaching substance, of the nature above described. £d. N. E. F. Robbing Gardens. — Several indictments and convictions, of boys and youths, have taken ])lace in various parts of the State, for viola- tions of the statute made to prevent depreda- tions upon orchards, gardens and fruit-yards. — Its penalties are very severe, and yet we are glad that a disposition prevails to enforce it. Worcester Spij. 52 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. CATTLE SHOW, EXHIBITION OF MANUFACTURES, AND PLOUGHING MATCir, .it JVorcesier, oh Wednesday, September 25, 1822. The Trustees of the Worcester County Agri- r.uhural Socic!;/, propose to their t'cllow citizens a Cattle Show, PlouT;liing Match, and Exhibi- tion of Manutacliires, at Worce-^itcr, on WED- NESDAY, the 25th day of September next, at o'clock, A. M. — and they have the plca-iirc of offering the following liberal Premiums, much increased in amount from the last year : For the best Bull, uot less than one year old $15 For the next best 10 For the best Bull Calf, from 4 to 12 months old For the next best 4 For the best Milch Cow, not less than three years old, and i'roni a stock of not less than fne Cows kept (ogLthfT 15 For the best Milch Cow, not less than tliree j-ears old, and from a stock of not less than three Cows kept together 10 For the next best Milch Cow, whether kept alone or with others 8 For the best Heifer from 1 to 3 years old past 6 For the next best 5 For the best Heifer Calf from 4 to 12 months eld 5 For the next best ■! For the best pair of Working Oxen, not less than four years old, rej^ard being had to the strength, equality of match, and docility of the catile, as ^11 as to their size and appearance 13 For the next best 12 For the next best > 10 For the next best 5 I'or the best pair of /our years old Steers, not of- fered for work ] For the best jiair of three years old Steers !! For tlie next best 5 For the best pair of two years old Steers 7 i'^or the next best 4 l'"or the best pair oi yearling Steers 5 For the next best 3 I'or the best Ox fitted for slaughter, regard being had to the mode and expeus^of fattening 15 l^or the next best 10 ♦""or the best .Merino Ram, regard being had both to fleece and size 10 For the next best 5 For the best Merino Ewes, npt less than four in number 10 For the next best do. 5 For the best two Merino Wethers 4 For the best lot of mixed Merino Sheep, not less than five in number, either Ewes or W'etliers, regard being had to the tjualily of fleece for the grade 5 for the best Native Ram 5 For the best Native Ewes, not less than four in number 4 For the best Boar, not less than six months old, nor more than two years and six months old 10 For the best Breeding Sow, not less than one vear old ■ '6 For the best weaned Pigs, not less than four in number 4 None of the animals will be entitled to Pre- miums unless they are wholly llie product of the County, oxceplin:^, that with a viev/ to en- vourai^e the introduction of improved Stock, the Trustees will pay the premiums which may be awarded for ftulls, Rams, and' Boars, raised ^yithin the State and brought into the County at least four months befsrc the day of Exhibi- tion, upon receivlna: satisfactory security that they shall be kept lor Tise within the County at least one year next after. In awarding the Premiums upon all Stock, regard will be had to the marmer and expense of raising and keeping-. And the owner will be required to give a satisnictc.y account thereof to the appropriate Committee on the day of Exhibition — a~ it is the intention of the Trus- tees to encourage that Stock, whicli not only may appear best at the Sko-js, but which, in rel- orence U> the cost, is most profitable to the Farmer. The Trustees with a view to the most liber- al encouragement of the Citizens of the Coutity who live remote from the place of Exhibition, propose to increase the rate of compensation for travel to eight cents per mile, to the owners of such animals as obtain premiums, and which are brought or driven more than ten miles, computing tVom the place from wliich the ani- mals come to the place of the Show. No animal for which to any o\vner one pre- mium shall have been awarded, shall be con- sidered a subject for anj' future premium of the Society, exce])t it be for qualities different from those for which the former premium tvas awar- ded. Persons intending to offer aay species of Slock for premium, must give notice thereof, either by letter, post paid, or by personal application to the Recording Secretary, on or before the 21th of SepfombcT, (the day preceding the Show) at 9 o'clock in the evening, requesting him to enter his application, so that Tickets for the Pens may be ready by 8 o'clock the next rrwrning. The difficulty of making ar- rangements for the jtroper accon>modation of the ditferenf species of Stock, without such previous notice, renders a strict enforcement of this rule indispensable — a.id no person will be considered as a competitor, who shall npt. have made such application for entr}', on or before the time above specified. In all cases where the age of animals is men- tioned, the applicant must file his own certifi- cate, or that of some other respectable indivi- dual, who personally knows the fact, that they are of the age for which they are entered, and also that they are tlie product of the County. DOMESTIC MANUFACTURES. To the person or Corporation who shall ixhibit the best double set of Machine Cards $20 The best superfine Broadcloth, dyed in (he Wool, not less than six qiiarters wide, exclusive of the list, and 20 yards in length 15 The best superfine Cassimere, dyed in the wool, not less than three quarters wide, and 20 yards in length 10 The best Carpeting four quarters wide, and not less than 30 yards in length 1 The best Carpeting three quarters wide, and not less than 30 yards in length 10 The best sole Leather not less than 100 lbs. 10 The bi st manufactured Calf-Skins not less than 12 in number 10 The best manufactured Morocco Leather of Goat Skins, not less than six in number C TO THE PERSON WHO SIWLL EXHIBIT OF IlOUSEHOlb MANUFACTURE, The best Woollen Cloth, not less than three quar- ters wide, and 20 yards in length C,','. The next best i The best Flannel not less than 7-8ths wile and 20 yards in lengtli 10 The next best 5 Tlie best Shirting Cloth of linen wirp and tow or cotton filling. 7-8th3 wide and 20 yds. in length, and bleached, fi The next best 3 The best Woollen Coverlid not less than 2 1-2 yards wide 4 The best Linen or tow Diaper five quarters wide ■ and not less than 20 y.ards in length 8 The best Linen or tow Diaper four quarters wide, and not less Ihaa 20 yards in length 5 The best Woollen half stockings for men, not less ti*tu two pairs The best Specimen of Sewing Silk of assorted col- ors, and not less than two pounds in quantity The best Butter not less than 30 lbs. The nest best The next best The best lot of Cheese not less than 100 lbs. of the manufacture of the same person The next best [The specimens of Butter and Cheese must b accompanied with a particular account of th marmer in which the same was made an preserved, and the butter must be exhibitc in plain iinpainted boxes or tubs.] Every article of manufacture offered lor Pr< mium, must be entered with the Rccordin Secretary, and delivered to the person appoin' cd to recei^ e them, before 1 1 o'clock in th forenoon of the day preceding the Exhibitioi And all manufactures, when presented, mus have a private mark, and any public or know mark must be completely concealed, so as nc to be sc^i'- it' there be no driver, both sums for [iloughnui and driver to be awarded to the Plbughman. | First Plough, $10 Third Plough, $r, Ploughman, 5 Ploughman, 3 Driver, 3 Driver, l Second Plough, 8 Fourth Plough, 4 Ploughman, 4 Ploughaian, 2 Driver, 2 As the great object of this part of the Exhi bition is to excite emulation in the rise and con sirtiction of the most important Instrument of Jig- riculture, the Plough, the competitors in the Ploughing Match must own their respective Ploughs and Cattle, and the Ploughman, if he be not the owner, must be a man ciaplovcd or the owner's farm. Those persons who design to become competitors must give notice in writ- ing to the Recording Secretary, on or before the 15th d.xy of September next, that suitable ground may be ol)tained. the proper number ot Lots measured and marked out, and the requi- site arrangements made for the occasion. The Ploughs must be on the ground designated, rea- dy to start together precisely at 9 o'clock, A. M. as this will be the first public business of the day attended to. Such arrangements will be made that the Cattle engaged in the Ploughing Match, and which may also be entered for pre- miums as working oxen, may have opportunity to be well refreshed before they are subjected to examination and trial. Cattle or Ploughs, which have heretofore obtained a premium in the Ploughing Match, will not be entitled aifain to a premium unless for excelling in a higher degree. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. o.> Competitors for Prcmivims of every descrip- tion will be held to a rigid compliance with (lie fores'oing Rules, as well as such other Rulos and Regulations as shall be publisiied by the respective committees of Premiums hereafter to be appointed and the Committee of Arrange- ments for the occasion. In cases where, for want of competition, the claimants upon a literal construction of these proposals might be entitled to premiums, the Trustees shall be at liberty to reject the claim, unless the animal, or manufactured article, is of superior quality and value. No person will be allowed two premiums, as for the Lest and next best of an animal or article of the same description, it being the object of the Trustees to encourage competition, by distribu- ting premiums, as much a^ possible, among the deserving; and no owner of any number of pre- mium animals will be entitled to more than one allowance for travel. From the premiums awarded there will be discounted t'li-enty-fivc per cent, in the payment to those persons who, at the time, are not Mem- bers of the Society ; and no premium will be awarded for animals to any person who, at the time, is not the owner, nor for manufactured articles, unless they ^vere manufactured within the County — and no jnemium will be paid to any person who is not an inhabitant of the Countv. Premiums will be paid within 30 days after they are awarded; but if not demanded uithin four months, they will be considered relinquish- ed, and the amount will be added to the funds of the Society. Levi Lixcoi.n, ~| Bex.tamin Ad.\ms, I LOVETT Petfss, Nathaniel P. Dennv, Daniel Tes^iey, Worcester, April 15, 1822. 7th — Put a small handful of parings in each hill. The quality of the land was equal, not rich, no manure was applied, the rows all came up \vell, and were all hoed and treated alike thro' tiie summer. About the beginning of October 1 had them taken up, and the produce was as follows ; The Ist row yielded 17 lb. 7 oz. 2d do. 22 7 3d do. 10 7 4th do. 14 7 f)th do. 10 11 6th do. 11 00 7th do. 10 00 The hills stood three feet distant each way, whirli makes 4840 in an acre. Allowing a bushel of potatoes to weigh CO lbs. the products of the diflcrent rows would be nearly as follows : 1st row, 350 bushels per acre. 2d row, 450 5th row, 339 3d row, 210 6th row, 222 1 am not a medkal practitioner, and hope to be excused for venturing to .submit this hint to the scientific. A boy darting a random arrow once made it pass through a small ring which practised archers in vain attempted to shoot through. Thus, 1, by a guess, may give a ben- eficial idea, which superior judgments may im- prove upon. H. O^NoTE. — Let the doctrine of animalculai being in the air, receive due consideration. — Iron, Magnesia and Salts, may be in the most transparent water. Air is composed, we know, of fixed portions of hydrogen, azote and oxygen, hut flies, k.c. may exist in it. Animation may be in the minutest objects ; the microscope dis- closes the wonders of our Creator in the small- est degree. 4th row, 307 Tth row, 202 Committee of Premiums- It is evident, from the above statement, that largo potatoes are much better for seed than small ones, and that it is better to cut them than to plant them whole. About the same time I took a quantity of middling larffe potatoes, and cut off the but and top ends from each, and cut the middle pieces into quarters, and planted a row with huts, another row with tops, and the third with mid- dles, and placed live pieces in each hill through- out the whole. I did not weigh nor measure the produce, but found that the middle pieces produced much the largest crop. The produce of the other two rows were about equal ; by which it appears that to reject both ends and plant the middles onlj', will produce much the best crop. J. W. Rijegate, Ft. Sept. 2, 1 822. FOR THE SEW EXGLASD FARMER. From the National lutelligencer. To Medical Gcmlcmen. I have been lately amusing myself with a work published by Mr. J. L. Chabert, at New Orleans, entitled '• Medical reflections on the POTATOES. Having heard many different opinions res- pecting the best method of preparing seed po-i malady vulgarly called Yellow Fever;" to which tatoes for planting, some saying that it is best j he gives the new denomination of Spasmodico to plant large ones whole, others that small | £y,^„ene. or spasmodic burning fever. It ' ones are equally as good, while others say they j fuH of information respecting the symptoms of will produce most to cut them in pieces, with ; this terrible disorder, and of acute remarks on one eye in each piece, or only eyes cut out of j the suggestioas of all prior observers. Mr. large potatoes they say will do well, and lastly | Chabert states, that by numerous dissections, he some affirm that the parings taken olT when j has found that the liver is not affected. The preparing them (or the pot will produce a good j bleeding of the nose and inflammations of the throat, Lc. are the first diagnostics, and after that a delusive case succeeds, and then the black vomit. Q»erf. — Whether animalculas inhaled do not first cause the spasms by inflammation, and whe- ther mortification does not ensue ? Persons not acclimated are the greatest sufferers. I have seen Eiu;opeans, arriving' in Asia, when stung by musquetoes, suffer inflammation in an extra- ordinary manner. May not the same effect be produced by inhaling insects, imperceptible to the naked eye, by the nose and throat ? That putrid matter will produce insects, has been proved by various experiments ; and I have read, in your valuable widely circulated paper, that magnifying glasses have been constructed to discover insects in the lungs of those who have died of consumption. , crop. About the beginning of May, 1821, 1 prepar- ed a small piece of land, on which 1 planted seven rows with four hills in each row, as fol- lows : — 1st Row — One potatoe weighing about 7 oz. in each hill. 2d — One of the same size, cut in four pieces, in each hill. '>d — Three whole potatoes, weighing each 2 oz. in each hill. 4th — Six of the same size cut into quarters, and six quarters placed in eacii hill. -Some middling large potatoes cut into pieces, with one eye in each piece, and five pieces put in each hill. -Cut 24 eyes out of large potatoes, and put six in a hill. jth- •oth- OM CATCHING COLD. As there were few men more attentive lo tracing the cause of natural effects, or more ready and ingenious in accounting for them than Dr. Franklin, his opinions on any such subjects are therel'ore deserving our special attention. Thus, on the subject of catcliing cold, he al- leged, that instead of a cold being contracted by the body's being exposed to some external cause which may stop the insensible perspira- tion, such as cold air blowing partially on some, part of the body, its continuing during some time wet, &.c. a feast, or some excess in eating or drinking will be generally found to have preceded. In confirmation of this opinion, he observed, that those who led temperate lives seldom caught cold, even though their constitu- tions and habits of body might seem little able to withstand the effects of such causes. I was a witness of what 1 thought a singular instance of the truth of this opinion. Upon my mentioning it to a gentleman, who eats no ani- mal food, and drinks no fermented liquor or s])irits, he said he would give it a fair trial. He accordingly, early en the first dewy summer morning, walked among long grass till his feet and legs were perfectly wet, and continued out of doors from 6 till 8, and when he came in to breakfast could not be prevailed upon to have dry shoes and stockings till he returned to dress at noon. No cold ensued, though wet feet are reckoned among the most frequent causes of taking cold. He afterwards thanked me much for freeing him from many restraints founded, as he now experienced, on prejudice. Dr. Franklin remarked, that those who eat no suppers, especially after plentiful dinners, were much less liable lo catch cold, for they thereby avoided adding a quantify of indigested juice with what are, in some degree, in a di- gested state. They who make their supper their principal meal do not suffer by it, because the stomach being pretty empty, an improper mixture of juices does not enter the lacteals. SPO.YT.iA'EOUS COMBUSTIO.r. On Friday afternoon the barn of Mr. George Shute, of -Maiden, containing ten tons of hay, all his farming utensils, and a chaise, was consumed by fire. Mr. S. with anothtr man, was at work in a field near the barn, when the fire burst out ; but nothing could be done lo save it. Tliis is another instance of spontane-i ous combustion, proceeding probably from the too greea or damp state of the hay, as it is almost certain there- had been no fire conveyed to the barn, by any dire; or accidental means. 54 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. >'rom Niles' Register. FLAX Another machine has liCMi invented by Samu- el Davidson, ofHoniulus', N. Y. for dressinEf flax. Its whole cost, ineluding tlie patent right, is • )nly forty dollar.'. Jt hn^ been tried by nviny of the most respectable tarmcrs. They (.itim- ate the saving in the labor at three fourth'-, and the saving in llax at one fifth, compared witii the common mode ; while it leaves the texture of the thread unbroken. By the use ol this machine the process of rof/i/irj may be dispensed with, as it will answer for dressing the flax eith- er with or without rotting. This improvement promises to be extensively usefol — its price is small that every neighbor- hood may easily have a machine. I'hx is an ar- ticle of easy cultivation and great produci. if the jirocess of rotting and usual way of cleaning it can be dispensed wiih, anil must become an im- portant staple to the people of the interior for home u-e, and transport to the seaboard, &,c. A pound of fiax may be carried any given dis- t.incc us readily ris a pound of cofn, pork, 6cc. The cost of transportation will be the same ; but the amount of that cost as to the relative value of the article, will be essentially ditl'ercnt. The soed, too, if crushed and made into oil, will al- ways tiud a ready market, and better pav char- ges fof carriage tiian any sort of provisions that our farmers can raise in the interior. Oil mills may be erected at a .tmall expense, and would yield large profits to their owners, if the supply of seed were abundant, in anj' part of our coun- try west of the mountains. We feel both publicly and personally inter- ested in the cultivation of flax and the use of flaxeu goods — publicly, because it will add much to tlie national prosperity ; privately, because we cannot have good pa^xr without flaxen rags lo make jt of. From the Montreal Gazette of August 31. aghicultural rei-ort for august. The cutting of grain became common from the 10th to the loth of the month; about the 19th the weather was very unfavorable lor ru- ral or harvest aflairs ; very heavy rains with warm growing weather, which lasted some lime, have done considerable damage to Grain lying on the ground (the common way in this coun- try) as it has rendered the straw black, and caused the crop to spring or sprout. If the Canadian farmers would bind and shock their crops as they cut them, like old country farm- ers, it would be a great saving of fodder to them in rainy seasons ; indeed we have had more wet weather this summer than in the throe preceding. Towards the latter end of the montli, we had excellent dry days, with a strong or good breeze which has enabled the farmers to house a great part of their crops, and a few line days will finish the bulk of the harvest. Grass seeds have generally taken well and af- ter gra-ss looks tine. Of Turnips little is heard, but Mangel Wurtzel is much rcconuncudcd l>y all who have raised it ; the quantity on an acre is said to be very great, and it is not suhjrct to be injured by th(; lly or grasshoppers. Cutting Hay on natural wet medows has been attended with much trouHe, and .some very ex- tensive fields arc still uncut, being overflowed with water. Stock of all kinds is in excellent condition ; milch cows are very scarce, bees have thriven well this summer, and it is' a matter of surprise and regret that they are not more generally kept both for the profit they give, and the good example they set before us. Laborers are in abundance, good reapers have been commonly paid from Is. Gd. to Is. lOd. per day. A pair of the beautiful and gigantic nondes- cript KIks. known by the Indians of the Upper Missouri (where they have begn lately discover- ed) by the name of Wajietli, arrived here on iMonday se'n-night on their way to London. These noble animals are the size of the horse, with immense spreading horns; their form th most perfect model of strength and beauty, com- bining the muscular strength of the race hor.sc, with the lightness and agility of the greyhound; are capable, with ease, of drawing a carriage or carrying a person more than twenty miles an hour. They are perfectly domesticated, and of the most amiable and gentle disposition. Their flesh is esteemed the finest of venison; and as the female is on the point of producing young, no doubt is entertained of adding this most noble and interc-tiiig ipiadruped to our stock of do- mestic animals. They will be exhibited for a few days at Stoakes' Kooms, next door to the Athena'um, in Church street. — London paper. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BO.rrO^.— SATURDAY, SEPT. 14, 1822. TO REAnF.nS, CORRESPONDENTS, IVELL-WISHERS, ADVISERS, &C. &C. Wt have been cmiacntly favored, since the com- mencement of the New England Farmer, with a mul- titude of counsellors, who have from time to lime vol- unteered opinions respecting the course it was best for us to pursue in conducting^ the publication. Bat, it unfortunately so happens that but rarely any two of our monitors agree in their precepts; and as we can- not, at the same moment, move in a great variety of opposite directions, we shall take in good part, what WHS doubtless well meant, but hope to be excused, if we do not exactly conform to rules and regulations, which do not always accord with each other, any bet- ter than with our own views of the subjects to which they relate. Still we are bappy to receivB counsel, though for the reasons above mentioned we cannot al- ways comply with it. Besides, our advisers, surely, do not wish to be oiu' controllers ; and if they will kindly continiu- to shed liglit on our paths, we will spare them the trouble otdincling our fttt. The gentleman who advises us to write a " System ofGeorgicks after the manner of Virgil," borrowing hints from the " elegant works of Darwin," &c. is respectfully informed that if we had talents, we have not time to s])are for such a purpose. A number of years (certainly not less than nine according to Horace) would be rf quisite to complete such a work : and by the time it was finished, a considerable part would probably become obsolete by improvements which are every day unfolding. We believe moreover, that the princii)h s of science, and the details of art, are, gen- erally sjHakiupf, belter given in plain prose tlian in the " linked sweetness" of IJr. Darwin's most mellifluous modulations. For instance/'Dr. Darwin's poetical des- cription of the Steam Engine would hardly serve as a specification to enable a workman to build a machine of the kind ; and should even a greater than Darwin undertake to give versified accounts of many oi the most useful modern improvements in agriculture, niua- ty nine in a hundred of the cultivators of the soil " Would read, and read, then raise their eyes in doubt, " And gravely ask— Proy tchaVs all this about .?" Georgicks, and poetical descriptions of rural occupa- tions and amusements, aie, however, very pretty arti- cles, and we should be glad of an assortment for the benefit oCsome of our readers, who like our correspon- dent alluded to, have taste enough to read and relish such things. Our attention must, however, for the present, be more directed to the wants of the majjy than the tr.=te of a few. A gentleman from Vermont writes to us as follows — ■ " We have tried your receipt for using elder juice [see page 3,] in a large dairy, on two or three cheeses that were much cracked, and from which it was diificult to keep the till .5 that produce skippers. The experiment answers perfectly — the flies do not even approach that part of the pantry. No doubt it will answer other valuabTe purposes." The gentleman who has given us an accouat of his experiments with Seed Potatoes will accept our thank?, and is requested to continue his favors. The articles on " Preparing Flax," in the preceding pages, merit much attention from all who feel an in- terest in developing the natural resources of our coun- try. ^\ e hope new lights will be elicited from actual experiments, whose details and results we should be happy to publish. ON S.iVING AND BIAKINC THE MOST OF MANURE. No soil will always ]'rove productive without ma- nure. Though naturally fertile as the garden of Eden, if it is always giving and never receiving, it will at length become as barren as a desert. Manure then, in farming, is all in all. It is that without which there will soon be " Nothing in the house — nor in the barn neither." Particular spots, like Egypt, and other alluvial or intervale lands, which Are annually overflowed, derive manure from the bountiful hand of nature, and cannot be exhausted by bad husbandry. Some soils likewise are not easily exhausted, and are easily recruited, in consequence of being so organized as to attract from air and water the principles of fertility. But if the soil is naturally barreji it may be madr ftrtile. If land in its natural state be good for nothing but tc holdthe globe together (as some have quaintly expressed it) it may be made abundantly fruitful by being mixed with certain earths, compo.«t.*, dung, &c. together with a judicious rotation of crops. " In the Payes de ^V■aes, in Flanders, sand is cultivated to great perfection. The soil of that district, which was origin- ally a barren white sand, has been converted into a most fertile loam."* This was effected by suitable ap- plications of clay, niarle, vegetable and animal ma- nure, deep ploughing, turning in green crops, &c. The most barren pilch-pine or shrub-oak plains in New England may be rendered fertile by similar processes. And in many instances it is better thus to convert u piece of poor land, which is favorably situated as re- gards government, the state of society, the market, &c. into an excellent farm, than to seek a farm in the wil- derness, where there is neither government, society, nor any of the comforts and enjoyments of civilized life ; and which, with all these disadvantages, cannot be rendered productive without a great deal of labor and expense. The principal agent in converting a barren to a fruitful soil must be manure ; either fossil manure, ' Cede of Agricullurc. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. :i^ (such as the earths, salts aiul alkalies) or animal and vigi'labh; manure, compostd of decayed and decayinof animal and vcgpetable substances. Our observations, at present, will be confined to the latter kind. A controversy has existed lor some years, relative to the degree of fermentation which manure ought to tm- dergo, before it is applied to tlie soil. Some agricul- turists are advocates for long, frtslii or unfermented manure, and others contend that it should never be spread on the field till the fibrous texture of the vege- table matter is entirely broken down, and it becomes perfectly cold, and so soft that it may be easily cut by a s})ade. Sir Humphrey Davy, whose authority, on subjects of this kind, should not lightly be called in question, ob- serves, " If the pure dung of cattle is to be used as manure there seems no reason why it should be made to ferment except in the soil ; or if suffered to ferment it should be only in a very slight degree. The grass in the neighborhood of recently voided dung is always coarse and dark green ; some persons have attributed this to a noxious quality in unfermented dung ; but it seems to be rather the result of an excess of food fur- nished to the plants. " During the violent fermentation, which- is neces- sary for reducing farm-yard manure to the state in which it is called short muck, not only a large quan- tity of fluid, but likewise of gaseous matter is lost ; so much so, that the dung is reduced one half or two thirds in weight ; and tlic principal elastic matter dis- engaged, in carbonic acid with some ammonia ; and iTOth of these, if retained hy the moisture in the soil, arc capable of becoming useful nourishment of plants. " It is usual to carry straw that can be employed for uo other purpose to the dunghill to ferment and decom- pose ; but it is worth an experiment whether it may not be more economically applied, when chopped small by a proper machine, and kept dry till it is ploughed in for the use of a crop. In this case, though it would decompose much more slowly, and produce less effect at first, yet its influence would be more lasting. The Farmer's Magazine, a British periodical work of celebrity, opposes this theory of Sir Humphrey Davy. The conductor says that he " has known dung and litter, which had been turned down fresh in the furrow appear the next spring without any visibk' change. Of course it must have lain dormant, without contri- buting to the growth of the plants. Dry wheat straw was regularly laid in the hollow of drills, and potatoes planted above the straw. Both were then covered with earth ; but very few of the potatoes ever came above ground, and these only towards the end of au- tumn. When the field was afterwards ploughed, the straw seemed to have undergone no change ; nor did it convey any sensible benefit to future crops. Had the same straw been previously subjected to only a moderate fermentation in the dung-yard, there can be no doubt but its cflects would have been very difler- ent." The Ho'n. Ricliard Peters, of Penn. is likewise op- posed to the use of unfermented manures. He observes in a letter to the Hon. Mr. Quincy, that "• straw muck cannot be regularly spread. The auimal matter is not mix'-d with the straw, but lies in masses per se [by it- self.] This over ferments, and throws up your crops in bunches or spots, over luxuriantly ; and it lays, smuts, or mildews. The earth prevents fermentation in" the straw ; and this dry rots, and becomes a ca/ju/ mortuum, [dead useless mass.] I have experienced this effect over and over again. I think reasonably fermented dung goes further. All the straw and ad- ditional matter is impregnated, and being decomposed, sjlj-taJi with tlie animal ejections more equally, and to iufinitdy better advantage, assisting your crops in more points, and operating efliciently on the whola."* Mr. Robert Smith', President of the Maryland Agri- cullur;il Society, appears to entertain a different opin- ion on this subject. This gentleman in an -Address to the Maryland Agricultural Society observes, " with respect to stable dung I shall, for the present, content myself by barely suggesting that my experience strong- ly inclines me to the opinion that, Itowever long, it ought to be ploughed into the ground, without any pre\ ions stirring, and as soon as practicable alter it shall have been taken from the farm yard."t * Sie Mass. A^ricuUural Repository, vol. ii; p. 3:i1. f%ite Jlnurican Farmer, vo!. iv, p. 82. (to be CONTIi'LED.) The Essex Agricultural Exhibition will be at Topps- field, the 2d of October. Over 600 dollars will be awarded in premiums. Address by the Rev. Dr. Faton of Boxford. Dinner tickets fixed at fjO cents. — Further particulars respecting this Exliibition postponed fur want of room to our next. The orchard of Mr. Stephen^Osborn, of Danvers, has produced an apple this season, weighing iwV.e.'coj uiid a half ounces ! More magnificent yet .' — '\\'e yesterday (says the Sa» lem Gazette of Tuesday,) received an apple which grew on a tree in Col. I'ickman's orchard, Sbuth fields, under the care of that industrious and persevering hus- bandman, Mr. Erastus A\ are, which weighed lieenti/ ouncts, large. Mr. B. V. Clench, of New York, has raised a ciic^i.m- her this year, measuring 23 inches in length,- l2 in cir- cumference, and weighing 5 lbs. 12 oz. In a letter from James Whlton, Esq. of Lee, to the Editor of the Berkshire Star, he says, " I have raised the present st-ason, on one acre of land belonging to my farm, ci'^)ity-fire bushels of oats." Munificent . — The honorable Stephen Van Rensselaer has engaged Prof. A . Eaton, of Troy,"-to take a Geo- logical and Agricultural Suivey of the Great Canal rout from Albany to Buffalo, a distance of 300 miles. The survey is to include the breadth often miles. A most horrid Ir.ansaction took place at the jail in this city on Friday night, September 6, about 12 o'clock. It appoftrs that Howard Trask, Francis Durgcn and John Newman were all confined in one room. At about midnight, Trafk got up and went to Newman's bed, where he was asleep, and without giving hiin the least. notice of his intention, with a sharp instrument of some kind he cut open his stomach. Durgen who was in aiK)ther part of the room aivoke, and coming to New- man's assistance was met by Trask, who stabbed him in the breast in several places, and he would probably have iijiumanly butchered them both had not Iheir cries brought the watchmen to their assistance. They are both considered dangerously wounded. Trask is the person who was concerned with Green at the State Pri son riot in October last, and was acquitted on the ground of insanity — Newman and Durgen are confined for theft. Trask refused to answer any questions put to him respecting the affair ; nor hath the instrument used by him as yet been discovered. — Evening Gazette. , Sickness. — \\'ithin the last three weeks, nine persons have died in Guildhall, Vt. and eleven in Northumber- l.and, N. H. of Dysentery. The extraordinary mortality is among children from six months to twelve years old. And althougii the disease is called the dysentery, yet if puts on a different appearance from the common and ordinary disorder known by that name. The public may expect hereafter a more particular account of the progress. of this disease, and the treatment of it, by some of the Physicians attending on it, Octavius Pickering, Esq. is appointed by the Gov- ernor and Council, Reporter of the Decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court of this Commonwealth, in the place of Mr. Tjmg, who has resigned the o/Bce. YKLLOIV FEVER ^iT .HEW YORK. On Sunday last 4, Monday 4, Tu< sday (i, Widnes- day 11 cases. There has been about one hundred deaths since the commencement of the fever. The Board of Health announced on Tuesday the death by yellow fever of .Mr. George Gilbert \Sarren, of New York, at one of the most frequented public houses in town. He arriv-ed in town on the 23d ult. and was taken ill on the 3d inst. and died on the morn- ing of (he 9th. It is by no means remarkable that a single individual, of the great nuinbir of persons who have come to town directly from (he diseaseil district in New York, should liave sickened here of the fever, nor does it afford any ground for alarm to those who have not been in that district. It is a very satisfactory proof of the favorable change of the public opinions in rela- tion to this disease, that this gentleman was suffered to remain where he could have llie most comfortable ac- rommodatioTis, and the best attendance, and that none of the numerous lodgers in the very resp( rt'ible house where he sickened, have in consequeace fled from their quarters. — Daily jldeerliscr. . A second Lambert ,' — There is a gentleman living, iii the town of Centerliarbour, in this State, Mr. Caleb Towle, a wealthy and respectable farmer, whose height is 5 feet 10 inches, girth 7 feet, and weight SI."! pounds. He is obliged to use a second chair for the mort bulky part of his frame. — Pcrt:moulh Journal. Dartmouth College. — On Thursday, the 22d ult. the prize declamations took place at this Seminary. 'J he prizes were awarded to George K. Pomroy, of Boston^ Michael Lovell, George Boardman, and John Cham- berlain, members of the College. At 11 o'clock, the exercises of the Phi Beta Kappa commenced ; when an elegant and classical oration was delivered by Professor Oliver, late of Sakm. It is said to have been WTitten in a style of neat simplicity and perspicuity seldom- surpassed. — The Society elected the Hon. Daniel Webster, of Boston, for their President- during the ensuing year. — ibid. AGRICULTURAL NOTICE. THE Trustees of the Plymouth County Agricultural Society, having agreed to ofler in premiums, the sum granted by the government, for that purpose, and also the income of the funds belonging to said society, . do hereby give notice, that there will be a Catti.k Show, and- Exhibition of Manufactcrks, i;c. &c. at South Bridgewater, on TUESDAY, the Eighth day of October next, at 9 o'clock, A. M. — and that an Ad- dress is expected on the occasion, by Hector Orr, Esq. Candidates for premiums are requested to communi- cate their intentions to Bartholomew Brown, or Daniel Mitchell, Esq'rs. previous to the first day of said Oct'r. DANIEL HOWARD, President. West Eiidgewater, Sept. 1022. SPEED THE PLOUGH. ri^HE subscriber (late President of the Berkshire I Agricultural Society) convinced of the importance of disseminating improred Agricultural Implements, and (hat it can only be effected in an efficient manner, thro' (he medium of persons who are practically conversant Hi(h, and able to judge of their true merits from expe- rience, proposes to open a REPOSITORY for the sale, on commission.^ oi 3.\\ kmds of Agricultural Implements ami Machinery. — Like'.cise, for Prime Seeds, and ap- proved Agricultural Books. It being the object of the subscriber to bring into nse such articles only as possess real merit, it is proper to renjark, that he will offer none for sale but such as he may be really acquainted with, or which he shall have previously tested by experience. Letters, post paid, will be duly attended to, and all favors gratefully acknowledged. THOMAS MELVILL, Jr. Pittsfield, (Berkshire Co.) Sept. 10, 1822. SUBSCRIBERS to the New E ■ .-.la.nd Far.mf.r who wish to be considered as paying in advance for the first Vol. must forward us $2,50 on or before the first day of October next. All who neglect paying at that time will be charged $3. We give this seasonable no- tice that none may complain, as this rule will be strict- ly adhered to. ff^ New subscribers can be furnished with complete files from the commencement, Sept. 1, 56 ^^IE^V ENGLAND FARMER. (Cy" The. foUowin-^ h but lillle inferior to Thormoii's famous " Paletnon and Aaimin." THE MILK M.'lip .3.VZ) HER LOVER. Who hatli not hearcl Of Patty, tho fair milk maitl ? neautifiil As an Arcadian nymph ; upon her brow Sat virgin modf-^ty, whik- in her eyes Young sensibility began to play With hiuocence. Her waving locks fell down On either side her face in careless curls, Shadinsf the tender blu?hes in her cheek. H( r breath was sweeter than the morning gale Stol'n from the rose or viojet's dewy leaves. Her ivory teeth appear'd in even rows, Through lips of living coral. When she spoke Her features wore intelligence ; her words Were soft, with such a smile accomj^auied. As lighted in her face resistless charms. Her polish'd neck ro=e rounding from her breast With pleasing elegance : Her shape was moulded by the hand of ease, Exact proportion harmonizM her frame ; While grace, following her steps, with secret art Stole into all her motions. There she walk'd In sweet simplicity ; a snow white pail Hung on her arm, the symbol of her skill In that fair province of the rural state The dairy ; source of more delicious bowls Thau Bftcchus from his choicest vintage boasts. How great the power of beauty ! the rude swains Grew civil at her sight ; and gaping crowds, Wrapt in astonishment, with transport gaze, Whispering her praises in each other's ear. As when a gentle breeze, borne through the grove Willi quick vibration shakes the trembling leaves, And hushing murmurs run from tree to tree ; tfo ran a spreading whisper through the crowd. Young Thyrsis hearing, turnVl aside his head, And soon the pleasing wonder caught his eye. Full in the prime of youth, the joyful heir Of numerous acres, a large freehold farm, Thyrsis as yet from beauty felt no pain. Had seen no virgin he could wish to make His wedded partner. Now his beating heart Feels new emotion ; now his fixed eye, ^Vith fervent rapture dwelling on her charms, Drinks in delicious draughts of new born lo\'e. No rest the night, no peace the following day Brought to his struggling heart ; lur beauteous form. Her fair perfections, playing on his mind, With pleasing anguish torture him. In vain He strives to tear her image from his breast ; F.ach little grace, each dear bewitching look, Jleturn triumphant, breaking his resolves. And binding all his soul a slave to love. Ah ! little did he know, alas ! the while. Poor Patty's tender heart in mutual pain, Long, long for him had lieav'd the secret sigh. For him she drest, lor him the pleasing arts She studied, and for him she wish'd to live, liut her low fortunes, nursijig sad despair, « Check'd her young hopes, nor dmst her modest eyes Indulge the smallest glances of her (lame. Lest curious malice, like a watchful spy, Should catch the secret, and with taunts reveal. Judge then the sweet surprise, when she at length Beheld him all irri • .lute approfich, And gently taking her fair trembling hand Breathe these soft words into her listening car. " O Patty I dearest maid, whose beauteous form " Dwells in my breast, and charms my soul to love, " Accept my vows ; accept a faillifnl heart, " Which from this hour devotts itself to thee : " Wealth has no relish, life can give no joy, " If you forbid my hope to call you mine." Ah I who the sudden tumult can describe Of struggling passions rising in her breast ? Hope, fear, confusion, modesty and love Oppress her laboring soul ; — she strove to speak. But the faint accents died upon her tongue ; Her fears prevented utterance : — at length '• Can Thyrsis mock my poverty ? Can he " Ee so unkind ? O no ! yet I, alas, " Too humble e'en to hope" — No more she said ; But gently, as if half unwilling, stole Her hand from his ; and with sweet modesty, Casting a look of diffidence and fear. To hide her blushes, silently withdrew. But Thyrsis read with rapture in her eyes The language of her soul. He follow'd, woo'd And won her for his wife. His lowing herds .Soon call her mistress ; soon their milky streams Coagulated, rise in circling piles Ofhardcn'd curd ; and all the dairies round To her sweet butter yield superior prnisc. INDrSTRY AND FRUGALITY. Extracts from Dr. Franklin's writings, and wiiich can- not be too often read, nor too long remembered. IC ive are industrious, we shall never starve ; for at tlje working man's house, hunarcr looks in, but dares not enter. Nor will the bailiff or the constable enter, for " Industry pay:: debts, while despair incrcaseth them." What thouoh you have (ound no treasure, nor has any rich relation left you a legacy, " diligence is the mother of good luck, and God gives all things to industry. Then jilough deep while slug- gards sleep, and you shall have corn to sell and to keep. The diligent spinner has good clothes, and now I have a sheep and a cow, every body bids me good morrow." Remember what poor Richard says, " Buv what thou hast no need of and ere long thou shall sell thy necessaries." And again. " At a great pennyworth pause a while ;" he means, ])erhaps, that the cheapness is ai)parent only, and not real ; or the bargain, by straitening thee in thy business, may do thee more harm than good. " If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some ; for he that goes a bor- rowing goes a sorrowing," as poor Richard says ; and indeed so does he that lends to such people, when he goes to get it again. " Creditors have better memories than debtors — creditors are a superstitious sect, great obser- vers of set days and times." Remember that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a day by his labor, and goes a- broad or sets idle one half of that day, though he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not to reckon that tho only ex- pense — he has really si)ent, or thrown away live shillings besides. Remember this saying, "• The good paymaster is lord of another man's purse.'' He that is known to pay punctually and exactly at the time he promises, may at any time, and on any oc- casion, rai next day — demands it before he can receive it in a lump. Beware of thmking all your own that you possess, and of living accordingly. It is a mis- take that many people who have credit fall in- to. To prevent this, keep an exact account, for some time, both of your expenses and your income. If you take the pains at fir'^t to men- tion particulars, it will have this good ellect— you will discover how wonderfully small trifling expenses amount up to large sums, and will discern ^vhat might have been and may for the future be saved, without occasioning any great inconvenience. In short the way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain as the way to market. It depends chiefly on two words. Industry wnd frugality. LAW OF PATEAT.S. CHARLEU EWER, A'o. 51, Cvrnhill, has jtul pub- lished., price $3,50, bound, AN ESSAY ON THE LAW OF PATENTS FOR NEW INVENTIONS. Br Thomas Gree.v iESSF..\i)KN, Counsellor at Law. " As the West Indies had never been discovered, '•without the discovery of the Mariner's Needle ; so it " cannot seem strange, if Science be no farther devel- " oped, if the Art itself of Invention and Discovery be "passed over." — Bacon. The second edition, with large additions, corrected and improveet by the author. RECOMMENDATIONS. EXTRACTS FROM LITTERS TO THK ArTHOR. Salem, Sept. 4, 1U21. Sir — 1 have examined your MS. on the Law of Pa- tents with as much care as my engagements would per- mit, and 1 have no hesitation in expressing my opinion, that the work will be highly useful to all persons who are engaged in obtaining patents, or in vinelicating them iu Ci>urt5 of Justice. I'he manuscript contams a collection of all the cases, on the subject of I'ateuts, within my knowledge ; anel the principles contained in them are detailed with accuracy and fullness in the Summary, at the conclusion. I know of no work so comprehensive as yours on this subject ; and it may be relied on as a safe guide. 1 hope you will receive en- couragement sufficient to justify the publication, which 1 should think would be profitable as well as exten- sively useful. JOSEPH STORY. Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq. Boston, September 23, 182.1, Sin — We have lookeel over the manuscript of the sec- ond e'dilion of your publication on the Law of Patents. Tliis edition is a great improvement on the first, and we think it will be a valuable and useful book to the profe ssion, as it contains the statutes, and state s we be- lieve accurately, all, or nearly all the decisions, which have been made on a branch of the law, daily growing more interesting and important. W M. PRESCOTT, Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq. D. WEBSTER. Boston, September £7, 18i?L Sir — The new edition of your Essay on Patent-Law, which I have taken some time to examine, is a very improved work. i\Iore ample materials, furnished to"" your hands, by decisions, subsequent to your former eflition, have enabletl you to present to the public, and the bar a more minute analysis, as well as a more com- prihensive view of this branch of law than has yet ap- peared in England eir in this country. Your method of arrruiging all the decisions, in the order of an anna- lytical digest of the sr\rial requirements and provisions of our statutes for granting patents, puts the lawyer at once in possession of thi' judicial construction of the statutes-, while your synthetic summary, far more ex- tended anel comprehensive than in the former edition, place within reach ol' the mechanic a sure means of judging whether his invention is a fit subject for a I'n* tent ; what is requu'ed of him by the: statute in order to obtain his Patent; and what provisions are enacted for securing to himself :iml heirs his meritorious pri\ ile ge. I cannot conclude without wishing you the success your labors sure'ly deserve. GEO. SUL14VAN. Thomas G. i'esseuekn, Esq. NEW ENGLAND FARMER Publishi-a every SaturdHv, by THOMAS \V. SHKI'AIU), Kogers' liiiildinj:, Congress Street, linvt.ii, ; at j;-2,50 per ami. in u.lvaiue, or $J,UO at the rluse ol the year. No. 8. Vol. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 21. 1822. CO.NSIDERATIONS ON THE NECESSITY OF F.STABLISHINti A.V AGKICULTUR.\L COLLEGE, and having more of the children of wealthy citizens er;ze,Tnost ambitious families destine some oi' their branches for it ; but the profession becom- ing thereby overstocked, numbers are neces- sitated to intrigue for measures specially favor- able to their imlividual interests, and whuh may raise them to more fortunate static.-. And thus are their superior acquirements, fir want of a suffic'cnt counterpoise, successful!' employed with other views than the promotion of the public good. When markets are giulteii with any commodities, the ingenuity of trader^ will be stretched to the utmost lor discovering ways by which they may dispose of them, an'] r.''cessit3- too often urges them to the adoption of unjustifiable means to effect their purpose. Not a few of the lawyers of the inferior grades, it is believed, are in similar circumstances, and obliged to resort to a similar sinister conduct. These animadversions on the profession of law, as at present existing in our country, are by no means intended to di.-para'^-e the profes- sion; on the contrary, it must be confessed that to it we are indebted for tlie greatest blessings of government, the due investigation and cor- rect discrimination of the rights of the people, and the execution of the laws for their security and protection. An honest, well qualified law- yer, with suitalde dispositions, in any communi- ty, can be one of its most extensive public ben- efactors. To him the oppressed may llee, with a consoling confidence, as to a guardian angel, and be sure of relief But the evil which has been noticed, and which in its progress is con- sidered to have an aspect sulficiently malign to justify apprehensions of its dangerous growth, arises from the superabundance of tlie numbers annually added to the profession, and the want of talents, elsewhere, to form a counterpoise to its preponderating weight. But we cannot pull up the tares, lest thereby we destroy the wheat also. The most effectual, if not the only remedy for this evil then is, to introduce more men of accomplished education into the agricultural de- partmcat, men who shall have di^ccrument suf- ficient to detect the tendency of sinister meas- ures that may he artfully projected, and the masked batteries that may be raised in hostility to the public good, and be able to meet the cliampions of them with their own weapons, and with equal dexterity in the use of them. It is believed that nothing better can be devis- ed, for bringing about this most desirable refor- mation, than the proposed agricultural college, and the dissemination of similar institutions throughout the nation: and if so, this view of it urges, with additional force, the necessity of its adoption, for giving a still higher finish to our already most wonderfull}' improved political fa- bric ; the most perfect existing model of govern- ment ; the wonder and the envy of the world. In our or.linary institutions we have been the mere copyists of foreign establishments. The happy peculiarities of our country require some- thing (iiflerent; and it would be an eternal blot on the American character if we had not the genius and the boldness to tread out of the paths traced in barbarous times, and pursue a course suited to this new world, so very ditfer- ent from the old; especially in regard to the matter now contemplated, which so eminently •nvolves the highest interests of our country. Let it then belong to the state of New-York, to give birth to an institution, which, if the view now taken of the subject be correct, will exceed all others in immediate and most lasting sub- sta-^tial utility. She will then have the praise 'if being the mother of ag-ricuharal schools, by .vhich the cultivation of tlie earth, in the best possible kiiczcn manner, will be taught, and ulti- ;nately improved to the highest possible state of jiertection. One other very important effect will be pro- duced by such an institution. Comparisons will lie made between the practice of those who are educated in it, and those who are brought up to farming in the ordinary way ; and thereby an r'mulation will bo excited that will cause exer- lions, which would not otherwise be made, for makmg continual further appro.ximations to the maximum of improvement. (to be conti.nced.) MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL REPOSITORY AND JOURNAL, FOR .JUNE. (Continued from p. 43.) By a long article on the subject of cutting rings in the bark of fruit trees and other trees and plants, extracted from a foreign publication, among other facts we learn that, '• All apple trees form an abundance of addi- tional tlower buds, in consequence of ringing; but it' the ring be wide, the ringed branches, especiallv young ones, speedily become sickly; it is therefore advisable, with them not to cut rings of greater width, than what will be closed up, at the end of the same season, or early in the Ibllowing year; besides, it seems that the improvement in size and beauty, is obtained chiefly in the first year of the ringing, therefore the rings of apple trees certainly should not ex- ceed a quarter of an inch in width, on strong branches, and they should be narrower on small and weak shoots. Fresh branches on the same tree, ought to be annually ringed, and thus a sucession of produce be uninterruptedly kept up.^' A Mr. Twamley found by experiment that •• the rings made in horizontally trained branch- es do not so readily close up as those on upright growing ones ; and he found an advantage in protecting the exposed part of the wood at the ring with grafting clay." Another gentleman " made his rings a quarter of an inch wide, at the end of April and beginning of May, and in the winter covered the open rings with clav and cow dung. The fruits of all, in comparison with the produce of the unringed branches, were, exclusive of the additional quantity, either altered in size or in color, hut did not keep so well, and were thought inferior in flavor, which is the natural consequence of the increase ia size." It appears that pear trees suffer less from ringing than apple trees. " In healthy and clear shoots, the bark of pear trees soon restores itself over the ring, unless it is cut very wide. The eflect of ringing them is a certain produc- tion of blossom buds, so much so that even 3'oung trees may be brought into bearing by this means." " The branches of plum and cherry trees sustain injury and become cankered by ringing-; but as tliey are always free hloivers, an increase of blossom by artificial means is not wanted to make them produce fruit."' " Vines are much benefited bj' ringing; their blossom is produced on the shoots of the same year, in sulficient plenty : for additional blossoms, the use, there- fore, of ringing, is not required, but increase of size, early ripening, and improvement of flavor in the grapes, all result from ringing." " The practice may be extensively and usefully appli- ed to ornamental shrubs and plants, which do not readily blossom." It is observed by Sir John Sinclair that, " Iq many cases, particularly in pear trees, cutting out a narrow ring of bark, from one third to one half of an inch, quite round the stem, has ren- dered the crop abundant, which otherwise would have failed. If the incision be covered with a rag, the hollow is filled up with new bark, in the space of a few weeks." Probably a small wire twisted round a branch, so as to form a ligature, might answer every purpose of cutting away the bark, without any danger of injuring the tree. A writer in the American Farmer, vol. iii, p. .342, says that he has tried the experiment of ringing or girdling fruit trees, and is satisfied tliat fruit may be thereby produced, although tlie operation injures the trees. He therefore disa|iproves of it, and prefers scoring, that is making incisions into the bark lengthwise up the trunk, continuing, if necessary, along the principal branches. Indeed the only important use which, as we conceive, can arise from ring- ing fruit trees is found in its forcing young fruit trees to shew what sort of fruit they will pro- duce, which will enable the owner to determine whether it would be advisable to graft them. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 59 We have next an article on the Dwarf hidian Corn, taken from the Transactions of the Lon- don Horticultural Society. Some heads of this kind of corn were exhibited, which were pro- duced from seed sent to the Society from Paris by M. V'ilmorin, under the name of Mais a Pou- let — •" Chicken Corn/'' The plants do not ex- ceed eighteen inches in height, are very hardy, not being injured by the spring frosts. The grams are of a bright yellow color, round and small, and the flour they contain appears to be peculiarly white and line. Some Notices of the Larch Tree (Pinus Ln- rix) known by the several names of Juniper. Hackmatack and Larch — by John Lowell. Mr. Lowell says that the " Hackmatack grows more rapidly, than the 1-eal Juniper, commonly called the rod Cedar, and is more durable lor posts, than that plant. It will grow on any soil, and rapidly m soils en- tirely ditVercnt from those, in which it is usually found. 1 have them growing, in pure sand, without the smallest apparent admixture of loam, and on a barren gravel — a gravel, which will scarcely support grass. I have large trees in such soils 18 to 21 inches in circumference and thirty feet high, of thirteen years growth.'' There are a number of varieties, which are described in the London Horticultural Transac- tions, and extracted into the article now under consideration. Among others are " The Common Larch (i. e. the Larch of Great Britain) with red or pink flowers, hi the duke of AthoTs plantations on mountainous tracts at an elevation above the sea of 1500 to 1(500 feet, this tree has, at eighty years of age arrived at a size to produce six loads of timber, appearing in durability and every other good quality, to be likelv to answer every purpose, both by sea and land." " Pinus Microcarpa, (a small fruited or coned Larch) the red Larch of North .America. There are some trees of this kind fifty years olil on the Athol estates, but they do not contain one third as many cubit feet of timber as Pinus Larix at a -similar age. (That is, the Englis/i Lurch furn- ishes three times the quantity of timber in fifty years which our own common Larch does.) The wood is so ponderous that it will not swim in water. Its cones are much shorter than those of the Pinus Larix, its branches weaker, and its leaves narrower." Mr. Lowell thinks it would be well to import the cones of the English Larch and some other varieties from Scotland. Mr. Lowell next gives an account of the suc- cess, which has attended his planting small patches of forest trees. In 1807, 1808, and 1809, he planted with forest trees from two to three acres of land, which was barren and un- productive, its whole value per annum not ten dollars. The trees were White Pine, Larch, Fir Balsam, and in the better parts. Oak of va- rious sorts, Maple, Beech, Ash, Elm, Locust, Spruce, Spanish Chesnut, &c. " The land was about half of it ploughed and kept open with potatoes for 2 years and then abandoned to the course of nature. The jiiues were taken up out of the forest with great care, not more than 5 feet high. Wherever I had the cupidity and impatience to introduce a lar- ger tree I either lost it or it became sickly. In some places I planted acorns, and as to my hard wood forest trees, transplanted from the woods, finding they looked feeble and sickly wiien they shot out, I instantly sawed them ofiat the ground or near it. This required some resolution, but 1 have been abundantly paid for it. '• The result of this experiment is this, that in a period from 13 to 15 years I have raised a joung, beautiful and thrifty plantation compris- ing almost every variety of tree which we have in Mass:ichusetts, which are now from 25 to 35 feet higi), and some of which, the thriftiest white pines actually measure from 9 to 12 inches diameter. The loppings, and thinning out ol these trees now furnish abundant supply of l.ght fuel for summer use, and upon as accurate a calculation as 1 am able to midie, I am convin- ced, that the present growth, cut dov/n at the _end of fourteen years from the planting would amply pay for the land at the price it would have brought. I do not mean to say, that this would be the case in the interior, l>ut in the vicinity of Boston and of Salem, I am sure this experiment may be tried with perfect success. In Chelsea, L\ nn, Cambridge, \Vest Cambridge, some parts of Brooklyn, AVonham, Danvors. and many other old towns, I see tracts of land which can ])roduce but little, of an>' value, and which would in fifteen years, at tlie expense of ten days labour for the first four years on each acre, produce trees that would be worth the pre- sent price of the land. 1 am persuaded, that this is no loose calculation." " I owe it to the cause of truth, to state, that I committed a very grave and important mis- take in planting. From the desire to cover my land more rapidly, and to thicken my planta- tions for ornament, I planted my trees too near each other. 1 now sudor from this very natur- al cupidity. I cannot thin them out without hurting the beauty of the landscape, and the trees show how niucli they suffer by the yearly lo.ss of their lower branches, which will niuays die if they have not air and moisture, and like other misers, 1 And myself unwilling to part with the treasure I have possessed. '• This however will not apply to the farmer who raises from a desire of profit. His trees should be placed at least twenty-five feet asun- der in every direction ; he will not fear, as I have done, the use of the axe to thm out his trees. 1 could now cut out light fuel for the supply of my family for two years, without in- juring my plantation, but 1 have not courage to do it." '' I am aware that two objections will be made to this statement — First, that the scale of exper- iment was a small one, not exceeding two p.^res and an half It is true ; but the experiment was sufficiently large to test the utility of the meas- ure. Secondly, that 1 disregarded expense, and put down the cost to the score of luxury. This is not true ; i am sure that the whole labor did not exceed twenty days work of one man on an acre, and with respect to one acre of it not five days labor (in the whole) of one man, has ever been expended upon it. " 1 planted the trees in two or three days, and left them to their fate ; but 1 consider two I conditions, indispensable to success. First, that as to pines of all sorts, and other evergreen trees, they should bo put out not more than fom years old; not pruned, for they will not bear the knife well. Secondly, that as to hard wood for- est trees transplanted from the wood.s, they should be instantly cut down to the ground or near it. " It is only because we have no nurseries ot forest trees in New England, that I s[)eak of the barbarous practice of tran'^planting- and instantly heading down. Young trees from a nursery would in al! respects be preferable." (rO BE COKTINUED.) The Agricultural Society of Biicli'.i County, Penn. have recommended to the citizens of that county, " to strictly prohibit the practice of gunning on their lands, inasmuch as it is believ- ed that the present alarming increase of insects is principally owing to the deslruction of birds." A writer likewise in the Farmer's Journal, of Windsor, Vt. remonstr.ifes against the wanton destruction of the robin, whose young are fed on the insects wliich infest our cornfields. In an article in the American AVaichman, re- commending the gro\vth of millcl, the following is given as the product of one acre sowed with half a bushel of that seed. Three tons of hav and 30 1-2 bushels of clean seed. The hay was consumed by horses who seemed to relish it as they would the best upland. The seed when manufactured into flour makes a cake more wholesome and ecpially palatable with that of buck wheat. The writer says if one bushel were sowed to the acre the crops would in all probability be proportionably better. An experiment has been made in England to ascertain \vhether the manufacture of spider u-ehs should be encouraged. It would require five thousand insects to make spider silk sullv cicnt lo form a single pair of stockings. It has been proved, by experiment, that the spider silk is so exceedingly fine that five threads are required to form one of fliC strength of the silk worms. A gentleman in England presented to a society, a pair of gloves and stockings, both from the spider web, possessing all the gloss and beauty of real silk. Baltimore Morning Chronicle. Tlie influence of the black color upon heat was lately explained to the anatomical class of Allahabad in the following manner : — Two tea pots, one black and the other XL'hitc, were placed on a table, and filled, each with boiling water, from the same kettle, which had been ]daced on the fire in the presence of the students. At the termination of the lecture, in the course of an hour, the water in the black tea pot had very considerably cooled, as was perceptible both to the finger, and by the ther- mometer, while the temperature in the xs.'hite tea pot continued nearly at its original standard. Calcutta paper. The manufiicture of woollen cloth, at Steu- benville, Ohio, has been brought to such per- fection, that an English gentleman lately exam- ining some of the cloths at the factory store- house, could not be persuaded but that the pro- prietors kept on hand an assortment of fine Brit- ish cloths, and sold them for American. (iO NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FACTS AND 0BS!;RVATI0NS P.ELATIXG TO AGRICULTURE ^ DOMESTIC ECONOMY. ON Dt.FA' ANI> FP.EQll^XT I'l.OriilllXG. •' I entertain no doubt of the utility of deep ploug'hinj ; not at once, in our l:iiuls in general, but by an increase of two or three inches at every annual plougliinsj, until the earth be stir- rod and i>iilveriso(l to the depth often or twelve inches. Indian corn planted in such a muss of loosened earth, would not, I am persuaded, ever suflcr by ordinary drouc;lits. Like a sponge,, it would absorb a vast (piantity ol' rain water, and become a reservoir to supply the >vant o! that and all other i)lants. Nothina: is more common in a dry sumnr'r, than the rollinc^ of the leaves of corn; and that circumstance is often men- tioned as an evidence of the severity of the drought. This rolling- of the leaves of Indian corn, is the consequence in part, of scant ma- nuring-, but still more of sballow ploughing. Few, perhaps, arc aware of the depths to which the roots of plants will penetrate in a deeply loosened earth. A gentleman much inclined to agricultural irKpiiries and observations, inform- ed me, near filly years ago, that seeing some men digging a well, in a hollow place, planted ivith Indian corn, then at its full growth, he stopped to examine how far its roots had de- scended, and he traced them to the depth of nine feet. The soil was an accumulation of earth, which had run or been thrown into the hollow. " The seeds of the common t\irnip, sown in warm weather, and on a soil siiificiently moist, I have known to vegetate in about eight and Ibrty hours; and in only four or live days after- wards, I found the plants had sent down roots to the depth of four or live inches." .1/r. Ptcktrmg''s Address lo the Essex Ag. Soc. Sir John Sinclair gives the following Maxims UESPECTliNli THE PROPEa DEPTH OF PLOUGdIXG. L The depth to which land ought to be ploughed, must fust be regulated by the depth of the soil. On thin soils, more especially on a rocky substratum, the ploughing must necessa- rily be shallow ; but when the soil, whether light or strong will admit of it, the ploughing ought to be as deep as a pair of horses can ac- complish ; and at some seasons, it is advanta- geous to plough it even with four, particularly at the commencement of every fresh rotation. 2. The depth ought likewise to depend on ihe means of improving the soil ; for when the land is poor, and the means of enriching it are scanty, the depth of ploughing ought to be in proportion to the quantity of manure which can be obtained. 3. Deep ploughing is highly advantageous upon every soil, excepting those where the substratum is an ochry sand. In fact, such sands are scarcely worthy of being cultivated, unless in situations whore much alluvial compost, [marsh mud, Sic] or short town manure, can be procured. 4. It is a general rule never to plough so deep as to penetrate below the soil that was formerly manured and cultivated, excepting upon fallow, and then only, when you have plenty of lime or dung to add to, and improve the new soil. 5. Many farmers recommend, when fallowing land, to go as deep as po.ssible with the lirst furrow ; by which the subsequent furrows will be more easily done, and to expose the soil to the winters frost, and to the summer's heat ; but when the land is ploughed in spring for a crop of oats, a strong soil cannot be ploughed in safety, above five or six inches. (). Deep ploughing is advisable on moorish cold soils, as it ali'ords a greater scope for the roots of plants to procure nourishment, admits the superabundant moisture to subside from them, and prevents the summer drought from making an injurious impression on the growing crops ; for. on such land, shallow ploughing ex- poses vegetation to be starved or drowned in wet weather, and to be scorched or withered in dry. 7. It is unnecessary to ])lough deeper, when the seed is sown, than where there is a fair probability of the different kinds of plants send- ing their roots ; and as beans, clover, and tur- nips, the only tap-rooted kinds usually cultivat- ed in this country, seldom send their shoots above seven or eight inches down into the soil, and the culmiferous species not so far, it is pro- bable, from these circumstances, that from sev- en to eight inches may be deep enough for all the purposes of ordinary culture. Occasionally, however, ploughing even ten inches, in the course of a rotation, during the fallow process, is advisable. Deep i)lnughing is not to be recommended, 1. When lime or marl has been recently ap- plied, as they have such a tendency to sink, from their weight, and the moisture they im- bibe. 2. Where turnips have been eaten off by sheep on the land where they were grown. :3. When grass only two or three years old, more especially where it has been pastured by sheep, is broken up ; because, owing to the ex- treme condensation of the soil, by the trampling of the sheep, a furrow, even of a moderate depth >o (ippcarci.jcc, will make the plough pen- etrate below the staple that had been cleared, by the culture given during the previous fallotv. By this means myriads of the seeds of annual weeds are raised to the surface, where they vegetate, and materially injure the crop culti- vated, besides replenishing the soil with a fresh supply of their own seeds. In all these cases from four to live inches will be found sufficient. .\nd, 4. If land is infested with natural grasses, which generally run much on the surface, the lirst ploughing should not be deeper than is necessary to turn up the roots of the grasses that they may be destroyed. ADVANTAGES OF DEEP PLOUGHING. 1. Bringing up new mould, is peculiarly fa- vorable to clover, beans and potatoes; and, in- deed, without that advantage, these crops usu- ally diminish in quantity, (piality and value. 2. Deep ploughing is likewise of great con- sequence to every species of plant, furnishing not only more means of nourishment to their roots, but above all, by counteracting the inju- rious consequences of either too wet or too dry a season. This is a most important considera- tion, for, if the season be wet, there is a greater depth of soil to absorb the moisture, so that the plants are not likely to have their roots im- mersed in water ; and in a dry season it is still more useful, for in the lower parts of the cul- tivated soil, there is a reservoir nf moisture^ \\h'\ch is brought up to the roots of the plants, by the evaporation which the heat of the sun pccasicus. 3. By deep plough ig also, the ground may be more effectually cleared of root weeds of every description ; in |)articular, it is the best mode of eradicating thistles. 4. By deep ploughing, animal and \cgctable manures, which have such a tendency to rise to the surface, are jiroperly covered. This cannot be done by shallow ploughing, in conse- quence of which much of the value of such ma- nures is lost. 5. By deep ploughing a heavier crop is rais- ed than can be got from a shallow furrow. An intelligent farmer, indeed, after pointing out that deep |)Ioughing increases the st.-iplc of the soil, keeps the roots of the corn from lieing in- jureil by wetness, and also enables the crop longer to resist drought, adds, '• / have ever found deep ploughing attended u-ith good crops, Xi'hen riilgcs^ shalloiv ploughed, in the saute Jicldy zi-ere but indi^'creiit j-" which seems a decisive proof in favor of deep ploughing. The celebrated .\rthur Young gives the fol- lowing rules relative to Ploughing. 1. An additional depth should first be gained in autumn, that successive change of seasons may take effect in atmospheric influences, be- fore any seed is ventured in the raw stratum lirst brought up. 2. The quality of that stratum should be ex- amined ; it is sometimes sterile by reason of an acid discoverable by boiling in water, and put- ting that water to the test of blue infusions. 3. Animal and vegetable manures cannot be buried ; at whatever depth they are di'i)osited, their constant tendency is to rise to the atmos- phere. 4. Fo.ssil manures are extremely liable to be buried, having a constant tendency downwards. Chalk, marl, and clay, are sufficiently soluble, or so miscible with water as to sink in a regu^ lar mass, and are sometimes found much below the depth of the plough. 5. In soils of a poor hungry quality, there should be some proportion observed between the depth of ploughing and the quantity of ma- nure usually spread ; but this does not hold good on better soils. I). Soils are rarely found that ought not to be ploughed, in common, six inches deep ; many ought to be stirred eight inches, and some ten. 7. One deep ploughing (to the full depth) shoidd be given once in twelve, eighteen, or twenty-four months: if this be secured, shallow tillage is in many cases preferable to deep working oftener, especially for wheat, which loves a firm bottom. EASY METHOD OF DISCOVERING %VHETHER. OR NOT SEEDS ARE SUFFICIENTLY RIPE. An English pul)lication assures us, that, '• Seeds, when not sufficiently ripe, will swim, but when arrived at lull maturity, they will be found uniformly to fall to the bottom ; a fact that is said to hold equally true of all seeds."' SOAKING OF SEEDS. " In dry seasons the soaking of seeds in wa.. ter, a day or two before committing- them to the ground will forward their growth, as well as by artificially watering the ground before or after sowing them ; and the soaking of them in a solution of salt and water may have another advantage of giving an opportunity of rejecting- NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 61 :he li!?ht seeds, which float, and perhaps of de- jtroving: some insects which may adhere to Ihem ; the sprinkling: some kinds of seeds with lime may also he of advantage for the purpose of destroying insects, if such adiiere to ^ them, and of attracting moisture from the air, or lower parts of the earth, or for its other useful prop- erties ; but where the seed, soil and season, are adapted to each other, none of these condiments are required. •' It may nevertheless, on other accounts, be very advantageous to steep many kinds of grain in the black liquor, whicli oozes from manure heaps. Mr. Cliappcl, in the papers of the Bath Society, found great benefit by steeping barley in thetluid abr.ve mentioned, for twenty-four hours, and skimming olY the light grains. On taking it out of the water, he mixed wood ashes sifted witii the grain to make it spread regu- larly, and obtained a much liner crop, than from the same corn, sown ivithout preparation. To this we may add, that to steep the seed in a solution of dung in water, as in the draining from a dung-hill, is believed in China both to forward the growth of the plant, and to defend it from a variety of insects, according to the in- Ibrmation given by Sir G. Staunton." PRESERVING SEEDS. '• Seeds of plants maybe preserved, for many months at least, by causing them to be packed, either in husks, pods, &:c. in absorbent paper wllh raisins, or brown moist sugar ; or a good way, practised by gardeners is to wrap the seed in brown paper or cartridge paper pasted down, and then varnished over." SOWING FRUIT WITH SEEDS. When the fruit, which surrounds any kind of seeds, can be sowed along with them, it may answer some useful purpose. Thus the fruits of crabs, quinces, and some hard pears, will be all the winter uninjured covered only with their autumnal leaves, and will contribute much to nourish their germinating seeds in the spring. Phijtologia. TO GENERATE THE BEST KINDS OF SEEDS The most healthy plants must be chosen, and those which are most early in respect to the season ; these should be so placed, as to have no weak plants of the same species, or even genus, in their vicinity, lest the fecundating dust of weaker plants should be blown by the winds upon the stigmata of the stronger, and thus produce a less vigorous progeny. — ibid. A SUBSTITUTE FOR RINGING SWLNE. Mr. Tubb, an English breeder of stock, has recommended a mode of dealing with these mischievous animals, which it is said may su- percede the necessity of putting rings into their noses. It consists simply in shaving oft, with a razor or sharp knife, the gristle on the top of the noses of young pigs. The place soon heals over, and the pigs are thus rendered incapable of rooting. BREEDING SWINE FOR SALE ON THE FOOT, FOR STORE FIGS, ROASTING PIGS, &C. A breeding stock of Swine is said, by some writers on husbandry, to be more profitable to the farmer than keeping /(tiling stocks of the same animal. This will no doubt be the case on a dairy farm, as whey and skimmed milk can, perhaps, be applied to no other purpose so prolitablv ; and those substances arc not suffi- cient to fat grown hogs for the market. The pigs may be sold at any time from three wi^eks to six months old, and their places suj)plicd by fresh litters. A practice of this sort is recom- mended in Hunter's Georgical Essays, vol. vi, p. 183. From tfie Old Colony Memorial. In answer to the inquiry of Agricola, " Whe ther young apple trees are not sometimes de- stroyed by taking all their top branches ofi' in the operation of grafting ?" By nursery men, the operation of grafting is generally perform- ed upon seedlings in the nursery while very small, and then the whole to]) is taken off with- out an} injury or danger;* but when it is de- sired to change the fruit of a standard tree, or one that has attained nearly the size of bearing, the knife ought to be applied with caution — the head of the tree ought to be opened, by pruning the lateral branches of their upright limbs, so as to let in the light and air freely, and then cut off the leading branch, or the two leading branches, as there frequently are two, and sometimes three, and graft the desired fruit, leaving the lateral branches, cit least one year, when you may graft one or more of the lateral branches as you may wish to form the head ; and the second year you may with safety cut off the remaining superfluous branches — the necessity or utility of leaving on the lateral branches I conceive to be, the preservation of the circulation of the sap — in my own experi- ence I have lost several trees by cutting off the whole head, and inserting several grafts at a time ; I found they failed the second year by a sort of ccnfcer, beginning where the amputation was made, and descending so as to cut off all nutrition from the scion, while suckere would shoot up from the stump. 1 will not say that failure universally follows the cutting off the whole head at once, for I have seen it succeed in some instances, as I have travelled the road, but I have also seen many others that have failed. These facts are the result of many years experience and observation. Yours, P. * There is a beautiful young orchard of about 250 apple trees in the town of Hanson, set out a few years since by its present owner, Charles Cushing, Esq. All the trees were grafted the two first years. The tops were wholly cut away ; not a limb or sucker was spared. All the scions were set in the trunks of the trees. Not one of the number died, and the orchard is now rcmarkalily thrifty, and no doubt fixes the eyes of travellers in that part of our country. From the same Paper. To the Editor — Sir — In the New England Farmer, Sept. 7th, a writer over the signature of '• A Farmer," refers to a publication in the O. C. Memorial, signed " Monumet ;" adverting to the destruc- tive ravages of the worm upon the grass and corn in this vicinity. The Farmer regrets that Monumet, while announcing the enemy, did not attempt a description of Inm, and he observes, " If he has ascertained, that it was a worin^ which produced this devastation, he might have described its length, its color, its first appear- ance, and duration. Is it the same worm which attacks the grass and the corn ? A worm that should destro}', or injure Indian corn in August, must be an important enemy, and should be de- scribed." To supply the deficiency of Monumet, and in some imperfect manner to meet the desire of the Farmer, I will attempt a description of the worm, and as far tis facts will enable me, its first appearance ; its duration cannot be ascer- tained, (for it continues in full activity at the ])resent time,) nor as yet, its generation, or its liabitudes. The worm was first discovered about the middle of June, its presence was suspected from the sickly a|q)earance of the corn, about the time oi half hillings the leaves turned red and wilting. On examination the worm was found depredating on the fibrous roots. It was then about tiiree quarters of an inch in length, it has continued increasing in size until it has attained ;lic length of one inch and a quarter or half'. 1 shall not attempt a scientific description, but perhaps I may be able to make myself under- stood by those who have made natural history their study — its colour is white or a yellowish white, except the exterior part about one third its length appears bluish, from the contents of the abdomen, which, when emptied, is wholly whitish. Its head is large and beetle-shaped, copperas-yellow, near its mouth are two horns, similar to those of the beetle, but not so large in proportion to its size, immpdiately ovfer these were a pair of antenme. I could discover no eyes on each side — on the anterior part, are three principal legs, resembling (when viewed through a microscope) those of a crab or lobster and are placed within an eight of an inch of the head — forward of these, and near its mouth, arc two smaller legs, similar in appearance to the other, but of which he makes no use in moving, but appear to be placed so as to assist him in conveying food to his mouth ; the rest of his body is without legs, and in moving is dragged along — the whole body consists of distinct folds, I did not count them, but I think there may be 10 or 12 — the size is that of the largest goose- quill, or rather larger. That it is " the same worm which feeds on grass and on the corn'''' is demonstrable, and on the potatoe also, which in some fields are more than half devoured. With respect to its generation or its habits wc have not had experience, or an opportunity to observe them, so as to form even a conjecture. In digging the earth last March, they were dug up three feet below the surface, and in digging a post-hole in June they were found two feet down. Their lodgment now, is about two in- ches below the sward, which may be separated from the earth and turned over like a carpet, and so numerous that in one instance 128 were counted on the area of one yard, in another 12 on a square foot. They first made their appearance here in 1819, they did much damage then to the grass, especially pastures, but not to be compared to that of the present season ; — and those fields that were devoured then, have nearly escaped now. In the spring of 1820, there was an un- usual appearance of what are called the May Bee ; the conclusion then was, that they were connected with these worms, but this theory wants confirmation. Yours, PLYMOTHEUS. 6^ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOR THE .NEW E.%GI^AXD FARMER. Extract of a letter from J. F. Dana, Professor of Chemistry in Dartmouth College, to the Editor. dated Sept. 17, 1022. Dear Sir, I was pleased with the corresponJencn hc- twcen Gov. Wolcott and Mr. Poniorov, contain- ed in your paper, wiiich 1 received yesterday. The subject is one of great importance to the country. The application of steam as a means of sep- arating the glutinous matter from flax is sug- gested by Gov. Wolcott, and probably might be employed with the most decided advantage ; but will it destroy the coloring matter ? proba- bly not ; and the use of steam generated from rOkaline solutions seems to be forbidden by the suggestion of Mr. Pomeroy, that alkaline leys destroy a cellular oil on which the delicate soft- ness of the llax depends. 1 wish to inquire, why chlorine or oxymuriatic acid gas may not be employed ? The objections to its use in com- mon bleaching will not apply to its use in blea- ching flas. I'crmit me to suggest its apjilica- tion in the following way. Let a convenient ajjparatus for sliaining the flax be prepared ; into the boiler trom which the steam is gener- ated, introvhich oldorine gas is produced, viz. sulphuric acid, manganese and common salt. Now when heat is applied to the boiler to produce steam, the leaden vessel wliich it contains and which is surrounded by water, will be also heated ; steam, and chlorine gas will be formed at the same time ; the former will dissolve the gluti- nous matter, and the latter will destroy the col- or, and both will pervade every part of the apparatus. Experiment alone must decide whether this suggestion is practically useful ; nor do I know that it has not been tried, and found useless. The muriate of lime, suggested by Mr. P. has no powers in bh'aching, and it is stated by some writers, that it very much weakens the texture o( linen. J. F. DANA. .Agricultural Exhibition for the Counti/ of Essex, at Topsfcld, on Wednesday, Oct. 2, 1822. The Trustees of the Essex Agricultural So- ciety, to encourage improvements in the Agri- culture and Maiiulactures of the County, offer in premiums for the present year, more than Six Hundred Dollars. They have taken care to provide convenient accommodations, and from the increasing interest manifested in the subject, they anticipate a more interesting ex- hibition than in any preceding year. All claims for preiii.uins ,foi- Stock, muft be entered with the Secretary, or Col. E. Wildes, of Topstield, on the day previous to the exhi- bition. All Animals and articles intended for exhibi- tion or premium, must bo presented to the offi- cers of the Socict}', who will be in attendance to receive them, by eight o'clock, A. M. The Ploughing Match will take place pre- cisely at eleven o'clock. The trial of Working Oxen will follow immediately after. .\i one o'clock, the members of the Society will dine together at the Topslield Hotel. At two o'clock, the Pieports of the Committees ivill be received and exainhieJ by the Trustees. At half past two o'clock, the members of the Society will go in procession from the Hotel to the Meeting House, where an Address will be delivered by the Rev. Dr. Eaton, of Boxford. .After this, the Reports of the Committees will be publicly communicated, and such other busi- ness transacted as the interests of the Society may require. From the Columbian Cciitincl. Mr. Russf.i.l — As the farmers are blessed with an abundant crop, it is of the tirst importance to have it well harvested. The present month has been uncommonly fa- vorable to the harvesting of beans, onions, and potatoes. 1 would recommend to those who have beans not yet harvested, to have them pulled and housed before all the vines are dead, and before there comes rain. For one bushel gathered in this way is worth two bushels which are lef't in the field till the rain swells them. It is a la- mentable fact, that nearly one half of all the white beans, which come to market, have a shrivelled appearance, which indicates neglect in the harvesting. For if the rain does not swell the bean, after it becomes dry its surface will be fair and smooth, and the bean, when dried, will be soft and tender. They are then much more wholesome than if they had been exposed to rains. Onions. — As soon as onions come to their growth, the tops and roots begin to dry, and they should be harvested. They should be pulled, dried a day or two in the field, and then housed, before the sun turns them green am! makes them tough. For they will taste and keep much better than those which lie out till they take the second root and become weather- beaten. Potatoes. — I presume every man has observed how much better flavored potatoes arc in the month of August, and even to the middle of September, than at any other tilne of the year. The reason is obviously, because they are gath- ered before they have attained their full growth and before the vines are dead. Potatoes, there- fore, should be harvested as soon as the vines begin to die, and then the3' will not have any disagreeable earthy and watery flavor. They may be placed immediately in the cellar and will not sustain any injury from their dampness, if the cellar doors and windows are left open in fair weather. THE FARMER'S FRIEND. From the New York Statesman. Cotton. — Our readers will recollect that in the early part of the year several essays were publi-.hed in the Statesman, under the signature of " .Agncola," on the subject of cultivating cotton in this and the adjoining states. Our correspondent being desirous that a fair trial should be made, procured, at his own expense, from South Carolina and Virginia, several bar- rels of seed, which were de[)OBited with the editors of this paper, and by his direction, gra- tuitously distributed to all who were disposed to try the experiment. We shall be glad to learn from those who have attempted the culti- vation of cotton from seed received at this of- fice, what success they have met with. We have seen some bolls taken from the garden of Mr. O. P;iikcr, of Greenwich, on the 10th inst. which had then opened, and which present fin specimens of cotton. The seed was planted about the 23d of April, and we have no doubt that the cotton in the garden from which these bolls were taken, will come to maturity before the warm season is over. Poulson's Philadelphia paper of Saturday says — " Some cotton seeds were put in the ground at Camden, N. J. in May last, and on the first day of September, inst. a part of it was maturely ripened and fit to gather. As it was late in the spring when these seeds were plant- ed, there cannot be a doubt but that this valua- ble plant may be successfully cultivated in the sandy soil of New Jersey." From the Western Reserve Chronicle. Quick fVork. — The bam of Mr. S. Hutchins, a respectable farmer in Vienna, (Ohio,) was struck with lightning on the 23th July, and most of the hay and all the grain raised on hie farm the present season were consumed. On the 7lh of August, his neighbors assembled and erected a barn for him 36 feet by 2G. They cut the timber, hewed, framed, raised, boarded, shingled, made and hung the doors, and a large load of hay presented to him, was unloaded in It before sunset of the same ilay. Something Marvellous. — On draining off the water in the summit level of the canal this week for the purpose of removing the earth which had been deposited in it by the late freshet, large quantities of live clams were discovered in the bottom of it, the shells of some of which measured 7 inches in length, and were well proportioned. Persons who have partook of these aquatic sojourners of our place, represent them to be of " most delicious flavor.'''' — The shells are of a greenish cast, and almost as trans- parent as glass. — Sandy Hill Times. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTOjX :— SATURDAY, SEPT. 21, 1822. O.N' SAVING ASD MAKISG THE MOST OF MANDRE. {Continued from p. 55.) Tlie advocates for long manure, and the sticklers for short manure, in our o^iinion, are botli right with re- gard to some of tile points in controversy. As regards other matters in dispute, we believe the truth lies be- tween them, and of course both parties are a little on one or the other side of it. The better to comprehend the subject, and make those practical deductions, which may render its dis- cussion useful, it may be well to take into view, I. The nature of the soil to which manure is to be applied. II. The crop which is immediately to succeed the application of the manure, and which it is prin- cipally intended to benefit. I. — THE NATURE OF THE SOII., iManure must not only ferment, but be completely decomposed, before it can produce 'its full effects in the nourishment of plants, or in enriching the soil. The products of its fermentation are certain matters called gasses, factitious airs or elastic fluids. They are, prin- cipally, carbonic acid gas, hydrogen gas, and azote, or nitrogen gas. A dark colored liquid, of a slightly sour or bitter taste will likewise be formed ; and if the pro- cess be suffered to continue for a sullicient length of time uothinj solid will remain except earthy and saline NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 63 natter colored with charcoal.* " If a quantity of sta- )le dung be piled iu a heap, and freely exposed to al! he varieties of weather, it soon heats and emits a con- tant stream of vapor. As the passes are escaping it it onstantly diminishing in weight and volume ; and by iie end of six months, if there has been alternate mois- ure and warmth, not above a fourth part of the origin- J bulk remains to be spread on the field ; and this i; Jways a blackish earth, mostly of carbonaceous mat er. All the other ingredients consisting of the hydro ;en, and azote, with part of the carbon in the form o arbonic acid, are partly sunk in the soil, and partl\ )lended with the atmosphere. 1 admit the latter an lot lost in the general system of the universe : but arried with the winds, they combine anew with some iving vegetable, or enter into some equally useful ompaund ; but lost they are to the farmer beyond all ecal. They may enrich his neighbor's crop, or be jted and entangled in the luxuriance of the forest, but hey can never reward his labor, nor impart plenty to is harvests. The nutritive juices m.iy have passed lownward, and fertilized the spot which it covered, ■ut the substance is evaporated, and as completely one, as if it had been consumed by fire."t There can be no doubt but vegetable manure, as >ng as it remains unaltered in its texture, and withoni volving any of the products of putrefaction can have other than a mere mechanical effect in making the )il lie loose, which, in dry weather, will prove rather ijurious than otherwise. But if the putrefactive pro- Bss is carried on, after the manure is spread, and cov- ■cd in the field, its volatile products, before mention- 1, will be imbibed by the soil, and yielded as they ay be wanted by grow ing vegetables. We know hov/evcr, that some kinds of earth retard, id others put an entire stop to putrefaction. A very et, or a very dry soil will prevent wood, straw, &c. om rotting. Some sorts of earth will turn vegetables to peat ; and some will preserve even animal remains r centuries, as entire as Egyptian mummies. That ood will rot much quicker in some than in other •ounds, on the same farm, is a fact known to every jserving husbandman, who has ever made much use 'what is called post-and-rail-fence. Is it not then ;ry possible that the difference among agriculturists lative to long and short manure may have been caus- 1 by the different qualities of the soils to which their jplications have been made ? Perhaps the field, to hich the conductor of the Farmer's Magazine applied dung and litter, which had been turned down fresh I the furrow, and appeared the next spring without ly visible change" might have possessed some chemi- U qualities — some salts or acids which prevented (he lanure from rotting, and preserved it as it were in a ind of pickle for the behoof of posterity. Pure sand ill preserve carrots, beets, kc. which are buried in , much better than loam ; and we have doubts whe- ler fresh manure would undergo much alteration if jried in sand, not mixed with other substances.— here can be no doubt but that suffering manure to lie U it looses any considerable part of its weight, before is used, is not the way to make the most of it. On le other hand, it will, probably, be best to permit it 1 lie in masses, under cover as much as possible, till it 3Come9 tainted, or fermentation has commenced, he- re it is spread and ploughed into the soil. THE NATURE OF THE CROP. In the choice and application of long or short ma- ire, a suitable regard should be had to the nature ol i6 crop, which immediately succeeds such applica- * JigricuUura] Chtmistrt/. f Letters o/^gricola. 'ion. If used for crops of wheat, rye, flax, or in short .uiy crops which cannot well be weeded, it should be :>ld, well rotted, and at least have undergone so great a degree of fermentation as will have destroyed the si-rds of gras.s, weeds, izc. which generally abound in •Vesh barn yard manure. Likewise when used for car- ets, ruta baga, parsnips, and indeed all root crops, ex- -:ept potatoes, it should be fine, well rotted, or mixed in composts, which are so well pulverised as to pre- sent no mechanical obstacles, such as sticks, straws, or lumps of earth to the growth and extension of the roots. For Indian corn or potatoes however, it may be fresh, and if well covered in the soil, its being coarse and mixed with weeds, straw, &c. will not prevent its proving useful. It may be, however, that the soil will cause it to dry-rot like that mentioned by Judge Pe- ters, or it w ill not rot at all like that of the conductor of the Fanner's Magazine. In such cases, it might not be amiss to try the virtue of a little quick lime. This substance, however, should not be applied directly to I lie manure, lest the latter be destroyed by the corro- sive quality of the former. The quick lime should be applied directly to the soil itself some time before the application of the manure, in order to neutralize any acid which may be unfriendly to vegetation, or have a tendency to prevent the decomposition of the manure. (to BE CONTINUEU.) CATTLE SHOWS, &c. The Cattle Show and Fjshibition of Manufactures of the Middlesex Husbandmen and .Manufacturers, will be holden at Concord, Mass. on the 3d of Oct. next. — The Hartford, Con. Cattle Show, on the 9th and 10th of October. — The Agricultural Pociely of Maine, will bold their annual Show and Fair, on the 0th of Oct. at Hallowell. — That of the Rhode Island Society for thi • ■ncouragemeiit of Domestic Industry, at Pautuxet, on the 16th and 17th of Oct. — The Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin, at Northampton, Mass. on the 24tli and 25th of October.— and the Hillsborough, N. II. Cattle Show and Fair, at Amherst, on the 24th and 25th of the present month. Foreign. — On the 7th July the Ministers and Agents of Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, Denmark, Saxony, Portugal, and the Netherlands, all united in a Note to the Spanish Ministers, in which they declare, in the names of their respective Sovereigns, and in the most formal manner, that " on the conduct which will be observed towards his Catholic Majesty, irrevocably de- pend the relations between Spain and the whole of Europe, and that the least insult to the King's Majesty would plunge the Peninsula into an abyss of calami- ties." The British Minister did not join in this pe- remptory note, but sent a special one, the contents of which are not given. — C'enlinel. The war between the Greeks and Turks still rages with unabated fury. The Greeks have lately blown up a Turkish ship, by the means of a fire ship intended for the destruction of two of the principal vessels of the Turkish fleet. The vessel which was thus destroyed carried SO guns, and had a crew of 1700 men, of which about 300 only were saved, the rest having been blown to atoms with the ship. A dispute between Spain and .Algiers on the subject of tribute thrwtens to terminate in hostilities. A successor to Mr. Gallatin, at the Court of St. Cloud, is daily more spoken of, since his speedy return to .\merica has been positively announced. It is ru- moured that the appolutmeLit will be offered to Secre- tary Calhoun. Francis Dugan, one of the prisoners so desperately wounded by Trask, in our jail, on the night of the 6th inst. is dead of his wounds. Newman, the other per- son who was wounded at the same time, it is supposed cauoot recover. JV'Hfff/ fomi/a/.— Capt. Uourne, o! the brig llipjio- menes, arrived at New York in 16 days from Curacea, states that a brotlier-in-law of i)r. Quarker.boss, of this city, nrrived at Ciiracoa on the 22d ult. in a schr. from St. 'Ihomas, which place he left on the 15th of August, under convoy of the IJ. S. ichooner Grampus. '1 his gentleman informed, that the same evening he sailed from ir"t. Thomas, (he Grampus was dogged sev- eral hour.s by the privateer Panchclta, of Porto liico — that in the morning the Giampus gave chase to the piivateer, then under English colors, afterwards chang- ed to Spanish. After bi ing liailed, and informed of the character of the Cranjpus, the privateer fired a broadside into her. The Grampus then sheared along- side, and put a full broadside into the privateer, when she immediately surrendereil, was boarded, and found iu a sinking condition, with eleven men killed and wounded. The Grampus towed her into St. Thomas the same night. The Panchetta mounted 8 twelve pounders and a long torn, and had 92 men. K. Y. Statesman. Khdion in If'crmont. — Although all tlie returns of votes for Representatives to Congress had not been published at the date of our last accounts from that quarter, there is but little doubt but that Messrs. R. C. .Mallary, Charles Rich, S. C. Crafts, D. Azro A. Buck, and W. C. Bradley are elected. By the last accounts the Yellow Fever continues at New York with unabated malignity. Boston Cotton. — Several beautiful Cotton Trees are now ripening at Doct. Wakefield's, and at Mr. S. A. Shed's, in Milk street. Some of the trees contain more than a dozen pods, and are worth the attention of the- curious to examine them. Mr. Ware, of Salem, has this year raised a watev melon weighing over forty pounds, and several weigh- ing from 30 to 40. Mr. Israel Putnam, of the sanie town, piclced an ap- ple from his garden a few days since, which weighed one pound Jiie and an half ounces .' Green Com in September. — Last Saturday, Indian corn in the milk, raised from Alabama seed, by a per- son in Cranston, was sold in our market at 20 cents a dozen. On an ear of average size we counted 18 rows and B46 kernels. Our gardeners will consult their in- terest by the cultivation of this new variety, as it comes in when peas, bean?, and the ordinary kinds of corn are out of season. — Providence Journal. Worcester Canal. — We learn from a gentleman who has been on the route now- under survey, that the whole descent, from V\"orci ste r Great Pond to 'W'oonsoket falls is found to be 450 feet. This is much more than was anticipated, and must enhance, considerably, the expense of the work. Anotlier circumstance, however, appears very favourable. On the route, as far as it has been surveyed, the excavation will be very easy, as but little rock is found near the surface. — ibid, Jf'aler Spnuls on Lake Erie. — Yesterday about ten o'clock, A. M. (says the Cleveland Herald of Aug. 22,) while a cloud hung over the lake, apparently at the distance of about ten miles, the people of this village were entertained at the sight of several water-spouts, which formed themselves, one after another, from the lake to the cloud. They were four in number, of different sizes, and a considerable dist.ance from tach other. The cloud being high, and the spouts being black and perpendicular, resembling huge pillars of some mighty fabric, and occasionally changing in their positions, presented a prospect both grand and beauti- ful. They continued visible for some length of time, and their disappearance was followed by the falling of rain in torents on the lake, and a slight shower extend- ing itself to this village. A gentleman in Perth, Scotland, has a hen which lately hatched 20 chickens out of 13 eggs ! WANTED IMMEDIATELY, AN active, intelligent Boy, 15 or 16 years of age, as an Apprentice to the Printing business. Inquire at the Farmer Office. Sept. 21. ()4 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. .a Mjljy TO .MY MLVD. Hince wcillock'3 in vogue, and old maids little priz'd, To all bachelors greeting, these lines are preniis'd ; I'm a maid that would marry, but where shall 1 find, (I wiih not for fortune) a man to my miud. iS'ot the dandy, who's hardly of masculine race, In love with his own precious figure and face ; jVot the free-thinking rake, whom no morals can Liud, Neither this nor the other's the man to my mind. Not the ruby fac'd sot that topes, world without end, Not the drone, who ean't relish his bottle and friend. Not the fool that's too fond, no- the churl that's unkind, Neither this — that — nor t'olher's the man to my mind. liut the youth in whom merit and sense may conspire, AVhoni the brave must esteem, and the fair should ad- mire ; In whose heart love and truth are with honor combin'd, This — this — and no other's the man to my mind. A M.i.\ A'OT TO MY MIA'D. From the man wliom I love, though my heart I disguise, 1 will freely describe the wretch 1 de?pise ; And if he has sense but to balance a straw. He will sure take the hint from the picture 1 draw. A wit without sense, without fancy a beau, Like a parrot he chatters, and struts like a crow ; A peacock in pride, in grimace a baboon, In courage a hind, in conceit a gascoon. As a vulture rapacious, in falsehood a fox. Inconstant as waves, and unfeeling as rocks ; As a tyger ferocious, perverse as a hog, In mischief an ape, and in fawning a dog. In a word, to sum up all his talents together, Ilis heart is of lead, and his brain is of feather ; Yet if he has sense but to balance a straw, lie will sure take the hint from the picture I draw. MISCELLANEOUS. LADIES— BEWARE! [The following will serve as a caution to females, a- gainst the impositions which are often practiced upon them, to their mortification, shame and ruin. Let them prefer, as suitors and husbands, those whose characters and circumstances are known to them, and not trust to the oily tongues, and vain pretensions of foreigners and strangers, who, under the disguise of a fine dress, and genteel manners, often conceal the most villainous de- signs.] — Salem Regislcr. Reported for thf Philadtlpkia Union. A European, wlio had a wife and several chil- dren in his own country, not thinking himself well treated by his wife's family, determined, as soon as he could compass fifty j)ounds, to try his fortune in America. After he arrived in Phi- ladelphia, reflecting; that he was a great way from home, and that many circumstances might happen here which would never be heard of in Europe, he changed his name and took up his abode at a hotel, where his fifty pounds were soon reduced to 1 dollar 18 3-1 cents. He then thought it time to look out for other quarters, and accordingly removed very quietly to a pri- vate boarding house, where a tine young woman soon attracted his attention. In due time she consented to become his bride, and the marriage ceremony was properly solemnized. Hitherto nothing iiad occurred to give reason to suppose that our gentleman was any how dif- ferent from what he professed to be, unless it were an odd letter whicit was no»v and then picked up about tlic house, addressed to Mr. D. O. S. but which excited more amusement than suspicion. On a certain day, however, when he walked out with his bride, he was met by a countryman of his, who, after accosting him with great familiarity, eiupiired after the health of his wife and children. Our gentleman re- turned the salutation with cordiality, but per- ceiving his fair companion was alarmed by the interrogation, he abruptly broke olT the conver- sation with the stranger. The rest of the al'ter- noon was spent in accounting to the lady for the strange scene which he had lately witnessed, hujuiring after the health of the wile and chil- dren of unmarried men was, he said, a very common joke in liis own country, and she, having an interest in being deceived, believed him. His counti'} man, however, offended at the abruptness of his conduct, dogged him home, and a few days afterwards called to enquire for him by his real name. The letters were then remembered, and the fears of an old lady in the family so alarmed, that she laid infor- mation before a magistrate, who sent an in- vitation to our gentleman to appear before him. " Ah !"' said he, at'ter he had read the sum- mons, " another invitation to dinner. Upon my honour, if I could eat fifty dinners a day 1 might have them all. However I shall accept of this, as I know the giver is a good kind of a fellow." He went accordingly, and, though surprised to find his wife and some of her relations there before him, still had the ef- frontery to offer the magistrate his hand. This the latter refused to receive till he had read the charges against him — bigamy and imposition. '"• Good God, Sir," said our gentleman, " don't stain my honor with such imputations. Allow me till to morrow and I will produce letters and witnesses that will avouch for my respecta- bility." The magistrate, after consulting with the parties agreed to this arrangement ; but that night our gentleman disappeared and has not been heard of since. From the New York Statesman. " Love has ei/fs." — The Westchester Herald states, that a villain of the name of William Rosier, was detected in robbing the store of Michael Marks, by a young lady and gentleman who, as the term goes, wore keeping company in the house opposite the scene of burglary. — While tliey were prolonging their midnight vigils, indulging in some wakeful dreams of nuptial felicity, they saw the villain enter the store through the window, and when he was cleverly in, young Damon stepped across tlie road, made all last, and gave the alarm, which resulted in the easy apprehension of Rosier.— The paragraph cautions all robbers to beware of attempting depredations bettu'een the hours of ten on Sumluii evening, and dcnj-break on MoniUiy morning, which is " the witching time of night" with village lovers. Fortunate would we be, if we had guards equally wakeful in the infected district. Old Seed. — However^ valuable ancestry may he in the eye of a man of family, it is in little estimation in that of iarniers, if we may judge by the reply a country lad made to one who was boasting of his nnci'ent /ujHi/y. "So much the worse for thee" — said he — " every body knows the older the seed, tlic worse the crop." From the .Vmtrican Statesman. The Office of the Philadelphia Union lat^h took tire. The manner in which the accidi li occurred is very pleasantly related in the fol lowing paragraph, which subsequently appear ed in that paper : — •' The report which the wags are circulatinj that the fire at our office on Thursday eveninj originated in the spontaneous combustion of ! number of political articles of a highly inflano niatory character, is totally destitute of founds tion. We do not deal in such dangerous wart i The truth is, that our '^ devil" was endeavoii ing to purify a number of communications b fire, but not being careful enough of the pre cess, the flames unfortunately spread to a nuir, her of poems in manuscript, (the collections th last two years,) which, by reason of the spin contained in them, made a fine crackling blaa and Anally exhaled in fumes ethereal. The went off in a most glorious smoke, but burne so furiously at flrst as to scorch the wainscotin of the room, and bum a hole through the floo; We trust that our poetical friends will now se the propriety of not burdening us in future wit so many original verses. We always considere them very dangerous articles." MR. BRAH..IM, THE SI.NGER. It is reported that this stage songster is aboi to honor us by leaving England to sing for i one year, for the moderate sum of forty ihousai dollars ! The editors of the iS^ational Intelligei cer, noticing this matter, have observed, " \\ shall be glad to hear what our friend Niles wi say to this folly." All that is needful to say easily said — '• friend Niles" pays nothing England for his coats, and will not pay any thit to transient Englishmen for songs — though plea cd to hear good music on rightful occasions ai reasonable terms. Yet the managers of oi theatres may make money by exposing th musical biped to the public — and persons w spend ten or twenty dollars to hear him, wl have defrauded their honest creditors out scores of thousands, or suffer themselves to 1 dunned by those who supply them with jni for their coffee and tea. It is even yet tl fashion rather to be extravagant than to I honest — though the state of society is evident improving; more perhaps, of necessity, thf from inclination. — JS'iles'' Register. Jl'mCIAL PLEASANTRY. A lawyer, now deceased, a celebrated wa was pleading before a Scotch Judge with whu he was on most intimate terms. Happening have a client, a female, defendant in an actio of the name of Tickle, he commenced his spee( in the following humorous strain : — " Tickl my client, the defendant, my lord." The auil tors, amused with the oddity of the speec were almost driven into hysterics of lauglitc by the Judge replying — "Tickle her yoursel Harry ; you're as able to do it as L" LA FONTAINE. A worthy Antiquary was one day edifying tl French academy with a monstrous long del: of the comparative price of commodities at d ferent periods, when La Fontaine observe " cet homme cenuait Ic prix de tout excepte temps." " This man knows the price of cvci thing except time.'''' NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Publialu-d every Saturday, by THOMAS W. SHK.PARi:), Rostrs' Biiildin-, Con.=;rtss Street, Boston ; at S'J,.')0 per ami, in advance, or $ii,OU at the clr.se nl Ih. y( ai Vol. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1822. No. 9. CONSIDERATIONS ON THE NECESSITt OF ESTABLISHTNC AN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, and liaviiig more of the children of wealthy citizen? educated i'or the PROFESSION OF FARMING. {Cuncliidcd from p. 58.) \Vlt;it the precise construction, orgiinization, and disci jiline of the agrictiitural co'i!e2;e ongUt to be, 1 shall not at present presume to define. They ousible, the sole produce of die farm, and that will be made, independent of all other sources, to yield in abiindance, all the prime luxuries of life. If cheering or exhilarating beverages arc nccctsnry, and some thing of the kind scetns, from the practice of all ages, to be allowable, if not actually beneficial, while reason does not condemn their use in moderation, we have them of the most inoxious kind and the most grateful variety, v>-ithout resorting to places beyond our own territories for them. Our cider, vvere it not for the unaccountable prejudices of taste, would be deemed superior to the ordinary wines of Europe ; and every family, wiih a little in- struction in the process, could make its own beer of suflicicnt excellence, or it might be had_ from the best brewers by a ready exchange of produce. To send our money abroad for any -uch luxuries cannot then be considered other- wise than as a wanton waste of property and a mistaken apprehension of what is necessary to support true dignify of character. A family of miildling size will, in the course of a year, use thirl ij-five dollars worth of colfec, and probably its tea and sugar for suppers will cost as much, making seventy dollars. This is a serious sum to be paid every year for mere Ua-aries by any (armer and especially by new beginners : It is the interest of one thousa7id dollars, for which a little farm might be bought and many a good one rented. But this is only a [Kirt of the useless expenses of our countrymen. Add to it what is laid out for spiritous liquors without taking into the account unnecessary fineries of foreign manufacture, and many other useless items, and the amount will appear still more serious. If any thing can be done towards this refor- mation by the agricultural college, thus second- 1 66 ISEW ENGLAND FARiMER. ed by agricultural societies, the immense good ^ it may do even in this incidental bratich ot'its objects, presents its importance in a point of view that must still more forcibly arrest our at- tention. Here an enchanting picture might be drawn of the happiness which will intermingle itself with the little hardships of the tasks to be per- formed by the young gentlemen that shall till 8uch a college ; tasks which, notwithstamling the sternness of their aspect, as pourtrayed in this treatise, will, by habit, ha\e every repulsive feature obliterated, and become attractive by the group of pleasures that will, on a more in- timate acquaintance, be found playing around them ; but enouj^h has already been said to give an idea of what the agriculture! College is intended to be, and what may be expected I'rom it. I shall take leave of the subject by recom- mending it to the serious consideration of the legislature, confident that, if it be deliberately examined, there will be a unanimous disposition to give it a being, and a si(y>^ocf commensurate with the importance of the purposes intended to be effected by it. BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW Rules and Regulutiuns to be observed at the Ccttlc Shoa:, Exinhilion of .Mamifacturcs, Ploiigliing Alatclt, and Public Sale of Animals and .Manu- factures, at Brighton, on Wedaesdatj the 9th, 'and niiirsday the lOtk of October, l»''i2. 1. — As the Names of the Conimitloos for awarding Premiums will be published, all per- sons having business will attend their own Ani- mals or Articles, at 9 o'clock each day, as it is intended that the Committees should commence their examination, punctually, at that hour ; and at 1 o'clock, on Wednesday, the 9th Oct. a procession vvill be formed iu the spaceuay be- tween the Pens, by the Marshals, and \vill pro- ceed to the Meeting House, where Prayers will be offered, and an Address delivered by the Hon. Timothy Pickeri.no. U. — All Stock, entered tor Premium, must be put in the Pens at 8, A. M. according to the number.^ on their Tickets, as furnished by the Clerk, and under the direction of the Marshals. III.— Gentlemen who have fine Aniinids, not intended to be oflered tor Premiums, will grati- ly the Society by exhibiting them in their Field, where Pens will be allotted to them, subject to the same rules with tho.-e who con- tend tor Premiums. IV. — No Animal can be removed from the Pens but by permission of a Marshal or Trustee. V. — The avenue between t!ie ranges of the Pens, is intended exclusively for the Trustees, Cominiitees. Members of the Societij, and invited persons ; it is therefore requested and expected, that no other person enter the .=ame, but at the invitation of one of the Trustees; but the Field will be free to all. VI. — All Articles, under the head fif " Do- mestic Manufacture,"' it mu'. the operation, if necessary, may be repeated. preserving meat. Meat surrounded by chaix;oal will keep for months. BED EUGS. The last American edition of Willich's Do- mestic Encyclopedia contains fho following re- cij)es against those nauseous insects : Take of the highest rectified spirit of wine, half a pint ; newly distilled spirit of turpentine, I half a pint; mix them together, and crunibb^ into it an ounce of camphor, which will dissolve in a few minutes ; shake the whole well togeth- er, and with a piece of sponge or brush dipped into it, anoint the bed or furniture in which those vermin harbor and breed, and it will, in- fallibly, destroy both them and their nits. — Should any bug or bugs happen to appear after once using it, the application must be repeated, and at the same time some of the mixture pour- ed into the joints and holes of the bedstead and head-board. Bedsteads that have much wood work require to be taken down bcl'ore thoy can be thoroughly cleansed of these vermin ; but NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 67 others may be perfectly cured without that trouble. It is advisable to perform this work in the day time, lest the spirit contained in the mixture take fire from the candle, while using; it, and occasion serious damage. 2. Dissolve 100 grains of corrosive sublimate in a pint of brandy : use it with the feather of a quill. 3. Half an ounce of corrosive sublimate, pow- dered and dissolved in a quart of spirits makes an effectual wash for bedsteads infested by bugs. They must be previously scrubbed with cold water and well dried. In England, cast iron bedsteads are much in use for hospitals, &.c. and are recommended as aflordmg no harbor for vermin. THE BRF.EDINC OF CATTLE. Dr. Cooper, Editor of the last .■\nicrican edi- tion of Dr. VVillich's Domestic Encyclo[)edia, observes tliat — '> The whole art of breeding animals and vegetables for particular purposes, may be included in the direction, choose those animals or vegetables to propagate from, that pos- sess the qualities yoii wis/i to propagate in the greatest perfection.'''' To destroy the bee miller. — This troublesome insect is making great ravages among the bees in this vicinity. .\ subscriber has requested us to state that he had discovered an effectual me- thod of destroying them, which is as follows ; To a pint of sweetened water, (sweetened with sugar or honey) add a half a gill of vinegar ; set this in an open vessel on the top of the hive ; and at night, when the miller comes to his work of destruction, he will prefer this composition, and diving into it, will immediately drown. — This simple method, our intormnnt assures us, is certain of success. At ail events it is worthy of attention ; and wc would recommend to the owners of bees to make a trial of it. — Lake George paper. From the Old Colony Memorial. Sir — The inquiry- which has been instituted in the Memorial respecting the worms which are making such devastation of the grass and Indian corn, and the observations consequent thereof, have drawn so much attention to the subject, as to ascertain, that this is not '• a new thing under the sun.'' In the annals of the Cot- ton Family (o«e of the most respectable in the Commonwealth) which have been continued from the first settlement of the country, are not- ed many extraordinary events and seasons (ex- traneous of the concerns of the familv :) among others it is there noted, that " 1745 was re- markable for the destructive effects of the worms which almost destroyed the grass." There is also now living in tliis vicinity, a respectable farmer, aged 87, who well remembers that when a boy, he with others, amused themselves by rolling up the sward, which was destroyed by the worms, striving who could make the largest roll — allowing this man to have been 10 years old at that time, and it reduces it to 174,'), the period noted in the annals ; and he further states, the worms were of similar appearance of those now present. — There arc also others who state, that a year during the revolutionary war they made great ravages both in the corn and grass. From these facts perhaps it may be ^ferred that their appearance is rather ;ienV/- ical than extraordinary, and if Ihe difTcreut times of their appearance had been a// ob-^crved and noted, with the precision they are in the annals above alluded to, we might perhaps, ere now have ascertained the period of their expected return, and possibly some means of counteract- ing or limiting their ravages. The greatest advantage perhaps that may now be expected to be derived from the attention excited to this subject, i.s the obtaining more minute oI;serva- tions of the times of their appearance — the time of their continuance — and, if possible, the man- ner of their reproduction, and whether their ap- penrance is consequent of a season remarkable for drought. Yours, P. A gentleman of this town (Plymouth) has con- structed a drill for the purpose of sowing Rula- Baga or other small seeds, which cmbrnccs (ho two great points of cheap-iess and siinplicilv. It may he constructed by any farmer of ordinnrv mechanical ingenuity with his band-s.iw, hatchet, and ktiile; it can l)e worked by a boy 12 years of age, and does the work with neatness and dispatch. — ibid. Campthor trees. — These frees grow in the Inl- and of Sumatra. A letter from a traveller pub- lished in an Edinburgh Journal, describes them as being often 100 feet perfectly straight to the first branch. The camphor is found in masses, in cracks and hollows in the heart of the tree. It is chiefly carried to China, v.here it bears a price about 30 times that of the China camphor. It is Ihe latter that is brought to Europe and America. It is obtained by boiling. The Sum- atra camphor tree also yields a powerful oil. It flowers only once in four or live years. Hampshire Gazette. superior to the English ; so that this extensive establishment may cmphalically be styled the pride of America. — I'oslon Gazette. Divining Rods. — It is stated in an extract pub- lished in the Palladium, that a piece of gold, silver, or any other metal, suspended to the end of a very slender switch, when carried over a mine of the same metal, will be so attracted as to bend the end of the stick. The writer tried an experiment with a pair of curious scales. He put a shilling piece of silver into one scale! and made the beam perfectly level bv weights in the other; a block of silver, 6 inches square and two inches thick, was then introduced un- der the scale that had the shilling ; that end of the beam dropped a quarter of an inch, and stood there until the block was removed and then immediately returned tn a level; this was repeated several times with the same efl'oct. iliid. The Cotton Manufiiclory, at Walfham, is own- ed by gentlemen of Boston, and is unqucslionably the most extensive of any one in Ihe I nitcd States. — We have heard it .stated that the ca[)i- tal is six hundred thousand dollars. About 500 workmen are emplyod, (but few boys or girls,) nearly allofwjiom are Americans. The week- ly expenses are about L'OOO dollars, which a- mount to u\n\;\r(\^ oC one hundred thousand dollars in a year. There are maimfacturod thirty-live thousand yards of clolii in a week, or in a'year, one million eight hundred and t-s:cHty thousand yards ! which cloth, for shirting and shectina:, is daily gaining credit in every section of the Un- ion. The machinery, too, is in many respects From the A'fU' York Commercial ^Idrerliecr, " But who i-i «he, Ilcr dark hair stroamhig on her lirow, her eye Wild, and her breast deep-h(avinj? .?he oft gazM .A.t distance lor the white sail, nor wept, nor spoke, And now is gone." .\ coroner's inquest was held at West Point on Thursday, on the body of a woman named M'Ginn, who wa^ found dead among the rocks at Ihe foot of the high clilT ^vhich overhangs the favorite retreat or grotto of Kosciusko, where that cflicer was wont to regale himself and friends with wine, after dinner, while stalioi'.ed there during the revoluticn. Tiie verdict acci- dental dpath. The r-rcumstances that have marked the life ef this humble woman, and her now unhappy husbanit, have been in some respects romantic ; and her coiidnct since her inar.'iage, has afford- ed one of the strongest examples of constant and ardent aliection. And what is most remarkable is, that it was the intensity of Ler alTection that caused her untimely death. It appears that they were acquainted in Ireland, but as no peculiar attachment existed between them, they emi- grated to this country separateh' and at ditlerent times. By accident they met, either at West Point or near Ihe Foundery on the opposite side of the river, a few years since; soon after, il was agreed that they would be married when- ever Patrick should have raised a certain sum of money. Patrick then went away and labored hard and lived prudently, un'il he had accom- idished that object, when he returned and was rewarded for his toil by the heart of the object of his alTection. Their lot was cast in the hum- ble v.alks of life, it is true, but never did a couple live more contented and happy than they. And whenever Patrick has been called away on business, if detained longer than v,as anticipated, she knew neither rest nor slumber until his re- turn. It is but a short time since Patrick went to Newburgli in a boat, ^vhcre he wa« detained all night, and such was the faithful wife, that she sat upon a cliff that overhangs the river, or walked upon the edge of the rugged steep, un- til Ihe boat came safe to the shore in the morn- ing. And often has she counted the solitary hours, as they passed tediously cu, in the same manner, while no sounds broke upon the dull hours of niglit, save the howling of the rude winds above, and Ihe dashing of the surge a- gainst the rocks below, mingled occasionally with the stern voice of the weather-beaten sen- tinel, as he slowly paced his solitary round or perchance the gloomy screech of the lone bird of night. On the inorning of (he fatal day, Patrick went in an open boat to the mills at pjiittermilk Falls, about two miles below, and she had prepared to visit soirie friends on the opposite side of the river, but would not go until his return. He was absent longer than was expected, and she repaired to the wonted place of watching, and seated herself upon a craig which shelved over the deep and dark abyss beneath. Night came on, and the faith- ful creature probably overcome by fatigue and anxiety, dropped asleep, fell, and was dashed in pieces. In the morning her shawl was found upon the rock, and her lifeless body among the fallen fragments, 1 70 feet below ! es iNEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the American Farmer. We are indebted to Mr. 'I'liomns Wiight, Of Kn?land, for a copy of " Tltc Gratiirs^ Ready Reckoner.,'''' and ■we have his assuraiiri- lliat the most confident reliance may be placed in its accuracy ; he told us that he would iiot|)-ar to piirchaje or sell extensively by this s'jidc, which has passed through three English editions, and has in that country gone into very general use. T he author of the tables, gives the required weight of ani- mals in stones, and we have converted these for the use of our subscribers, into pounds. The Graziers'' Ready Reckoner, or, a nsefitl guide for buying and selling Cattle, being a complete set of TABIjES, distinctly pointing out the Weight of Black Cattle Sheep, or Siaijie, from forty two, to eighteen hundred and tv;cnly, by ■measurement ; together u-ith directions, she.xcing the particular parts where the Cuttle are to be measured. By GF-onoE Hento.n, Bcrji'icksliirc Farmer. The third edition. Berziick : price 2s. 6d. sterling. PREFACE. Havinpf been often solicited to publish the followinfj T.\nLF.s of tliis Rfadv Ri;cko.\er, 1 am now prcvaib'J on to do =0. 1 by no means take the prai'^e of them as the inventor ; but liave unfIer2:onc a laborions task ia making out the calculations, which may be of use to the public. For frequently the Buyer and Seller are at a loss even in concluding a bargain, by not being judges of the weight of the article they are treating about. 1 have begun witli the Calculations at three stones,* which may be as low as is necessary for those who have a swine or calf to sell ; and who by no means have had such practical ex- perience as to be judges by the eye. It ma}' likewise be of service to those who have a teast above the common weight of cattle ; they may obtain a knowledge of his value, almost to a nicety, by taking the following dimension, and considering the value per stone, sinking offals. Take a string, put it round the beast, stand- ing square, just behind the shoulder blade, mea- sure on a foot rule the feet and inches he is in circumference, this is called the girth ; then with the string measure from that boue the tail ivhich plumbs the line with the hind part of the buttock, direct the line along the b:ick to the fore part of the shoulder blade, take the dimen- ?iion3 on the foot rule as before, which is length, opposite these figures stand the pounds. The girth and length of Black Cattle, Sheep, Calves or Swine being e.'iactly taken, according to the directions given above, and wrought by decimals, would occasion a nudtiplicity of fig- ures, which would be very troublesome in com- parison of the following Tables, which will an- swer exactly to the fore quarters of any of the Ibrementioned cattle, sinking the offal. To bring these useful Tables into as small a compass as possible, I have not taken notice of the half inches, which confines them to the one- fourth of the figures. But to bring thcn> to that point, when a beast miiitsurcs half an inch, ei- ther in girth or length, it is only taking the dilTerence of the leading figures. For instance, a beast measures in girth feet 2 1-2 inches, length 5 feet 4 inches, the weight of 6 feet 3 inch 697 6 " 2 " . . . , 67C Difference J-9 * Of fourteen pounds each- Take the half of 19 which is 95 added to 678 and it will make 687.5. To render the following small treatise as gen- erally useful as I can, and to prevent the possi- bility of making any mistakes in taking the di- mensions of the Cattle in improper places, 1 have engaged an ingenious engraver to repre- sent the figure of an Ox. pointing out the par- ticular places where the dimensions must be taken, in order to ascertain their weight, and I flatter myself it will be a very useful addition. 7U6 lbs. To a generous public I now commit it, and hope, that, however it may succeed, the good- ness of my intention will be a sufiicient justifi- cation of my conduct. GEORGE RENTON". Girth. Length. Weight. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 6 2 42 5 1 43 2 2 45 i 3 46 5 4 48 i .'i 50 J ("» 6 52 i 45 i 46 48 \ 50 { 52 I 7 2 2 1 2 2 3 *j 4 2 5 53 i 6 56 5 2 7 57 I * 46 f 1 49 \ 50 { 2 2 2 3 53 { 55 57 \ 4 5 c> 6 . 59 , 60 J t> 7 2 8 03 2 9 2 50 \ (-> 1 52 2 2 55 V* 56 J f> 4 59 1 5 60 \ 63 6 2 7 64 C7 G9 1 '» 8 2 9 10 53 \ 2 1 65 { 2 2 57 5 2 3 60 \ 62 \ 4 6 64 { 67 5 6 7 69 1 2 8 71 J a n 73 S Gi'nh. Length. Weight, ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 2 10 2 10 76 2 II 77 2 11 3 2 2 56 2 1 59 2 2 62 2 3 C3 2 4 66 2 5 69 2 6 70 2 7 73 2 8 76 2 9 78 2 10 80 2 11 83 2 60 2 1 62 2 2 64 2 3 67 2 4 70 2 5 73 2 6 76 2 7 77 2 8 80 2 9 83 2 10 85 2 11 87 2 63 2 1 66 2 2 69 2 3 71 2 4 74 2 6 77 2 6 80 2 7 81 2 8 84 2 9 87 2 10 90 2 11 92 3 95 2 66 2 1 69 2 2 71 2 3 74 % 4 77 Girth, ft. in. 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 Length. Weight, ft. in. pounds. 2 10 2 II 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 i 9 2 10 2 11 3 o 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 II 3 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 2 10 2 11 3 1 2 3 2 4 2 5 1 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 9 80 83 85 88 91 94 97 99 70 73 76 80 83 85 88 91 94 97 99 102 106 83 87 90 92 95 98 102 105 108 111 88 91 94 98 101 104 108 111 113 118 120 123 126 132 92 95 98 102 105 109 112 116 119 123 126 129 133 136 97 99 104 108 111 113 118 122 125 129 132 136 140 143 101 104 108 112 116 119 123 Girth. Length. Weight, ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 3 8 2 10 2 II 3 3 9 3 10 3 11 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 2 10 2 11 3 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 4 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 11 3 3 8 3 9 3 10 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 2 10 2 n 3 3 1 3 2 3 3 126 130 134 139 141 14S 150 153 157 109 113 11a 122 125 129 133 137 141 146 148 153 157 161 165 113 118 123 126 130 134 139 143 147 151 155 160 164 168 172 129 133 137 141 149 150 154 158 162 167 171 175 179 183 188 134 139 - 143 I 147 , ]" i loo I 16) 165 169 174 173 182 188 192 „ 196 202 206 140 144 148 1.53 158 162 168 172 178 182 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 69 Girth. Length. Weight. | Girth. Length. Weight. Girth. Length. Weight. ^ Girth. Length. Weight. Girth. Length Wtiglit. Girth. Length. Weight. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 5 ft. in. ft. in. pounds. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. It. in. ft. in. pounds. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 4 1 3 4 186 ; 190 4 6 3 3 220 4 11 3 4 270 5 3 4 7 424 5 8 4 431 6 5 2 623 3 5 3 4 225 3 5 27 7 4 8 431 4 1 438 : 5 3 634 3 6 196 3 5 231 3 6 284 4 9 437 4 2 447 5 4 643 3 7 200 204 • 3 237 3 7 291 4 10 447 4 3 456 5 5 654 3 8 3 7 242 3 8 298 4 11 455 , 4 4 465 5 6 665 3 9 210 3 8 248 3 9 305 i 311 5 5 462 4 5 475 483 5 5 7 672 3 10 214 3 9 253 3 10 4 6 3 10 260 3 11 318 5 4 3 8 319 4 7 493 6 14 3 528 4 2 2 G 144 3 11 266 4 325 3 9 357 4 8 501 4 4 538 2 7 148 4 271 4 1 332 i 3 10 364 4 9 511 4 5 5)6 2 8 154 4 2 337 ! 3 11 372 4 10 518 I 4 6 555 2 9 158 i •17 2 8 188 4 3 346 ! 4 381 4 11 528 4 7 568 2 10 164 2 9 193 4 4 351 ! 4 1 389 6 538 4 8 578 2 11 168 174 179 I 2 10 199 4 2 396 5 1 546 4 9 589 3 2 11 204 5 3 6 294 J 4 3 405 5 2 554 4 10 599 3 1 3 211 3 7 301 4 4 409 5 3 564 4 11 605 3 2 183 3 1 217 3 8 307 1 4 5 421 S 4 573 5 622 3 9 188 3 2 223 3 9 314 321 4 6 428 5 1 631 3 4 193 3 3 228 3 10 4 7 437 5 9 4 441 5 2 641 3 5 197 : 3 4 234 3 11 328 336 4 8 444 4 1 451 5 3 652 3 6 203 : 3 5 239 4 4 9 452 4 2 462 5 4 662 3 7 207 213 3 6 246 4 1 342 4 10 461 4 3 476 5 5 672 3 8 3 7 252 4 2 3-19 4 11 469 4 4 483 5 6 683 3 9 217 3 8 258 4 3 353 5 476 4 5 490 5 7 693 3 10 523 3 9 263 4 4 363 370 5 1 484 4 6 500 5 8 703 3 10 270 4 5 5 2 493 4 7 508 4 3 2 6 150 3 11 276 4 6 378 384 4 8 517 6 2 4 3 542 2 7 155 4 2!il 4 7 5 6 3 8 360 4 9 526 4 4 552 2 8 161 i 4 8 391 3 9 368 4 10 536 4 S 501 2 9 165 4 8 2 8 193 4 9 398 3 10 377 4 11 546 4 6 572 2 10 171 2 9 199 4 10 402 3 11 385 5 554 : 4 7 582 2 11 177 2 10 206 4 11 412 4 393 5 1 564 ' 4 8 592 3 182 2 11 211 5 420 4 1 399 5 2 573 ' 4 9 605 3 1 186 190 3 217 304 311 318 4 2 407 5 3s 581 4 10 615 3 2 3 1 224 5 13 6 4 3 416 5 4 590 4 11 625 3 3 196 3 2 230 3 7 4 4 424 5 636 3 4 202 207 3 3 235 3 8 4 5 433 5 10 4 456 465 475 5 1 647 3 5 3 4 242 3 9 325 4 6 441 4 1 6 2 656 3 6 211 3 5 248 3 10 332 337 4 7 449 4 2 5 3 667 3 7 216 3 6 255 3 11 4 8 456 4 3 487 5 4 678 3 8 221 3 7 260 4 343 4 9 4 10 465 4 4 496 604 5 5 689 3 9 227 3 8 266 4 1 354 472 4 5 5 6 700 3 10 232 3 9 272 4 2 358 4 11 482 4 6 514 6 7 710 3 10 279 4 3 368 5 5 1 490 4 7 522 5 8 720 4 4 2 6 137 3 11 284 4 4 375 498 4 8 532 5 9 732 2 7 161 167 4 291 4 5 382 4 9 542 5 10 742 2 8 4 6 391 5 6 3 8 371 4 10 550 5 11 752 2 9 172 4 9 2 10 214 4 7 398 ' 3 9 ; 3 )0 : 3 11 4 379 4 11 560 6 3 4 3 2 10 178 2 11 220 4 8 403 489 5 570 556 2 11 183 3 227 4 9 412 393 5 1 580 4 4. 566 3 189 3 1 232 4 10 419 406 5 2 588 4 5 578 3 1 195 3 2 239 4 11 423 4 1 414 5 3 699 4 6 591 3 2 199 : 3 3 245 5 434 4 2 4 3 423 5 4 608 4 7 599 3 3 203 3 4 252 431 5 5 €17 4 8 610 3 4 209 3 5 258 5 2 3 6 312 4 4 438 5 6 627 4 9 622 3 5 214 3 6 265 3 7 319 4 5 4 6 4 '7 448 % 4 10 631 3 6 220 3 7 270 3 8 326 456 5 11 4 469 4 11 5 644 3 7 224 ! 3 8 277 3 9 333 465 4 1 479 655 3 8 230 3 9 283 3 10 342 4 8 472 4 2 489 5 1 666 3 9 235 3 10 290 3 11 350 4 9 4 10 582 4 3 500 ; 5 2 675 3 10 241 3 11 295 4 360 490 4 4 510 ; 5 3 686 4 302 4 1 3G5 4 11 ;" 5 5 1 5 2 500 4 5 518 1 6 4 697 4 5 2 8 174 4 1 308 4 2 372 608 4 6 528 ; 5 5 708 2 9 179 : 4 2 315 4 3 381 517 4 7 538 ; 5 6 720 2 10 185 4 4 388 524 4 8 547 : 5 7 731 2 11 190 ; 4 10 3 234 4 5 395 4 9 557 : 5 8 741 3 196 ; 3 1 ; 3 2 239 4 6 403 ' G 7 3 8 3 9 382 4 10 570 5 9 753 3 1 202 246 4 7 410 391 4 11 577 5 10 763 3 2 207 ; 3 3 253 4 8 417 3 10 400 5 587 5 11 774 3 3 213 3 4 260 4 9 426 3 11 4 4 1 4 2 410 5 1 596 3 4 217 3 5 267 4 10 433 420 5 2 606 6 4 4 3 571 3 5 223 3 6 273 4 11 440 427 5 3 616 4 4 681 3 6 228 ; 3 7 279 5 448 435 5 4 626 4 5 592 3 7 234 : 3 8 286 ; 4 3 ; 4 4 444 5 5 635 4 6 605 3 8 239 i 3 9 293 5 3 3 6 323 452 5 6 645 4 7 615 3 9 245 3 10 300 3 7 330 i 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 462 4 8 626 3 10 251 ; 3 11 307 3 8 339 470 6 4 3 514 4 9 638 3 11 256 ; 4 314 3 9 346 479 4 4 524 4 10 647 4 262 : 4 1 319 3 10 354 487 4 5 533 4 11 659 4 2 326 3 11 361 497 4 6 543 5 672 4 6 2 8 181 4 3 4 4 332 4 370 4 10 505 4 7 550 5 1 682 2 9 186 339 4 1 378 4 11 514 4 8 563 5 2 693 2 10 192 4 2 385 5 522 4 9 574 5 3 706 2 11 197 4 11 3 ; 3 1 3 2 244 4 3 393 5 1 532 4 10 584 5 4 715 3 203 249 4 4 400 : 5 2 540 4 11 591 5 5 727 3 1 209 256 4 5 412 : 5 3 549 5 603 ; 5 6 ! 6 7 739 3 2 214 ; 3- 3 263 4 6 416 5 1 615 749 70 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Girth. Length. Weight ft. in. ft. in. pounds 6 4 5 8 760 5 9 773 5 10 783 6 11 792 8 5 4 3 587 4 4 598 4 5 607 4 6 C20 4 7 6J3 4 8 643 4 9 655 4 10 666 4 11 678 5 689 5 1 700 5 2 710 5 3 722 5 4 734 5 5 745 5 6 7i7 5 7 769 5 8 778 5 9 790 5 10 802 5 11 813 6 825 6 6 4 3 605 4 4 615 4 5 626 4 6 643 4 7 651 4 8 661 4 9 672 4 10 685 4 11 693 5 700 5 1 717 5 2 728 5 3 741 5 4 752 5 5 763 5 6 776 5 7 787 5 8 798 5 9 on 5 10 822 5 11- 834 6 846 6 1 859 7 4 6 655 4 7 666 4 8 678 4 9 690 4 10 703 4 11 715 5 727 5 1 739 5 2 750 5 3 763 5 4 774 5 5 7f!7 5 6 799 5 7 812 5 8 823 5 9 836 6 10 847 5 11 860 6 872 C 1 886 6 2 896 6 3 909 G 4 920 6 3 5 743 5 1 756 .5 2 7G7 .^j 3 7!I0 5 4 792 r, 5 805 .I 6 818 5 7 830 5 8 841 5 9 855 5 10 867 Girth. Length. \\ light. ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 6 8 6 9 6 10 6 11 7 5 11 6 6 7 5 5 9 5 10 5 11 6 6 1 6 2 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 10 5 11 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 6 879 892 904 916 928 941 955 967 764 777 790 802 015 827 840 853 865 878 090 903 917 930 942 955 967 9f;o 993 7S3 795 808 822 834 047 8C0 07 1 085 099 913 927 939 952 965 977 990 1004 1016 802 816 829 843 855 869 883 896 909 923 937 951 963 976 988 1002 1016 1030 1043 1057 5 3 862 5 4 876 5 5 890 5 6 904 5 7 917 5 8 931 5 9 945 5 10 959 5 11 973 fi 907 6 1 1001 6 2 1014 6 3 1028 6 4 1042 6 5 1056 6 6 1070 6 7 1084 (iirth. ft. in. 7 7 1 7 3 7 4 Length. Weight, ft. in. pounds. 6 8 1096 6 9 1110 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 6 6 10 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 5 10 5 11 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 6 9 6 10 5 10 5 11 6 6 10 6 11 083 897 911 925 939 953 967 901 995 1009 1023 10J6 1051 1063 1079 1093 1107 1121 1135 1140 903 916 930 945 960 974 988 1002 1016 1032 1046 1060 1075 1089 1103 1117 1120 1147 1161 1175 925 939 955 969 984 998 1014 1028 1043 1058 1072 1006 1102 1116 1130 1145 1159 1175 1190 1204 1219 5 3 946 5 4 962 5 5 977 5 6 991 5 7 1097 5 8 1021 5 9 1037 5 10 1051 5 11 1067 6 1082 6 1 109G 6 2 1112 6 3 1127 6 4 1141 6 5 1156 6 6 1172 6 7 1107 6 8 1201 6 9 1217 Girth. Length Weight. Girth. Lei igth.AV.ight ft. in. ft. in. pounds. ft. in. ft. in. pounds 7 5 5 6 1014 7 9 6 1 1225 5 7 1026 6 o 1242 5 8 1044 6 3 1260 5 9 1060 6 4 1275 5 10 1075 6 5 1292 5 11 1091 6 6 1310 6 1106 6 7 1326 6 1 1121 6 8 1343 6 o 1137 6 9 1361 6 3 1152 6 10 1376 6 4 1168 6 11 1393 6 5 1182 7 1410 6 6 1196 7 1 1427 6 7 1212 6 8 1228 7 10 5 6 1133 6 9 1243 5 7 1149 6 10 1259 5 8 1165 6 11 1275 5 9 1183 7 1291 5 10 1200 5 11 1218 7 e- 5 6 1037 6 1235 5 7 1054 6 1 1252 5 8 1070 6 2 1268 5 9 1085 6 3 1285 5 10 1100 6 4 1303 5 11 1116 6 5 1320 6 1133 6 6 1338 6 1 1148 6 7 1355 6 2 1163 6 8 1372 6 3 1179 6 9 1390 6 4 1194 6 10 1406 6 5 1211 6 11 1424 6 6 1226 7 1442 6 7 1242 7 1 1460 6 8 1257 7 2 1478 6 9 1270 6 10 1289 7 11 5 8 1191 6 11 1306 5 9 1210 7 1322 5 10 1226 5 11 1245 7 7 5 6 1063 6 1263 5 7 1078 6 1 1281 5 8 1093 6 2 1298 5 9 1110 6 3 1316 5 10 1126 6 4 1333 5 U 1142 6 5 1351 6 1159 6 6 1369 6 1 1175 6 7 1306 6 2 1190 6 8 1403 6 3 1207 6 9 1421 6 4 1222 6 10 1433 6 5 1239 6 11 1455 6 6 1256 7 1473 6 7 1271 7 1 1491 6 8 1207 7 o 1509 6 9 1302 6 10 1319 8 6 1289 6 11 1336 6 1 1308 7 1350 6 2 1326 6 3 1344 7 5 6 1085 6 4 1361 5 7 1100 6 5 1379 5 8 1119 6 1397 5 9 1134 6 7 1415 5 10 1149 6 8 1434 5 11 1165 6 9 1450 6 1100 6 10 1469 6 1 1196 6 11 1407 6 2 1212 7 1505 6 3 1229 7 1 1522 6 4 1246 7 2 1.539 6 5 1263 7 3 1554 6 6 1270 7 4 1575 6 7 1294 7 5 1595 6 8 1310 7 6 1613 6 9 1327 7 7 1630 6 10 1.344 6 11 1361 8 1 6 1316 7 1376 6 1 1338 6 2 1358 7 9 5 6 1109 6 3 1378 5 7 1124 6 4 1394 6 8 1141 6 5 1410 5 9 11.58 6 6 1427 5 10 1175 6 7 1444 5 11 1191 6 8 1462 6 1210 6 9 1480 (Jirth. Length. Weight ft. in. ft. in. pounds 8 1 6 10 1498 6 11 151« 7 1540 7 1 1.555 7 2 1571 7 3 1590 7 4 1609 7 5 1627 7 6 1646 7 7 1663 7 8 1680 8 2 6 1341 6 1 1359 6 2 1378 6 3 1396 6 4 1415 6 5 1434 6 6 \45J 6 7 1473 6 8 1492 6 9 1511 6 10 1527 6 11 1546 7 1565 7 1 1583 7 o 1602 7 3 1620 7 4 1639 7 5 1658 7 6 1677 7 7 1695 7 8 1714 8 3 6 1372 6 1 1390 6 d 1408 6 3 1428 6 4 1448 6 5 1466 6 6 1485 6 7 1504 6 1522 6 9 1.541 6 10 1561 6 11 1581 7 1600 7 1 1618 7 2 1637 7 3 1656 7 4 1676 7 5 1695 7 6 1715 7 7 1733 7 8 1751 8 4 6 1399 6 1 1417 6 2 1435 6 3 1455 6 4 1476 6 5 1495 6 6 1515 6 7 1533 6 8 15,53 6 9 1572 6 10 I,'; 92 6 11 1611 7 1fl30 7 1 1649 7 2 1669 7 3 1688 7 4 1708 7 5 1728 7 6 1747 7 7 1765 7 1785 8 5 6 1427 6 1 1446 6 2 1466 6 3 1485 6 4 1506 6 5 1526 6 6 1546 6 7 1565 6 6 1585 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 71 Girth. Length. Weight, ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 8 5 fi 9 1604 6 10 16-25 6 n 1645 7 1665 7 1 1684 7 'J 1701 Giith. Length. Weight, ft. in. ft. in. pounds. 7 3 8 5 1723 1744 1764 178!) 1803 18-24 FOR THE NEW E.1GLAND FARMER. Thomas G. Fcssendou, Esq. Dear Sir — In the last New England Farmer, (No. 8) I observed a communication from Pro- fessor Dana, on the subject of the correspon- dence between Gov. Wotcott and myself, pub- lished in tlie preceding number. That it should meet his approbation is to me highly flattering ; but I am constrained to express my regret that he should have given to a part of it, at least, so hasty a perusal as to imbibe erroneous im- pressions. The Professor seems to direct his attention chiefly to the bleaching process. The great object of inquiry was a cheap solvent, that would, without f'iing the color, " extract the glutinous matter and weaken the woody fibre," and so simple in its application as to be conve- niently used by '' operative farmers." It was remarked, however, that bleaching might follow in a considerable degree, but it was not neces- sary to combine it with the object in view ; as 1 trust it will appear that among the desiderata lor the extension of the linea manufacture, the bleaching, a process formerly very tedious and expensive, is so completely attained as to leave but little room for further improvement. And it should be considered that the bulk, and pro- bably the most profitable, of our linen manufac- tures for a number of years, or till the raw ma- terial is produced in much greater abundance, will require no bleaching ; for instance, all the different qualities of sail cloih and the immense supply oi coiton lagging for our Southern breth- ren. It is gratifying that the Professor is of the opinion that " Steam may be employed with decided advantage for separating the glutinous ■matter from flax ;" but my suggestions did not '' forbid its application when generated from alkaline solutions ;" on the contrary, it was stat- ed that steam from such solutions was supposed not to effect the decomposition of the cellular oil; and 1 felt justified in this remark, from having observed at the Patcrson munnfaclury, that the yarns, of which the sail cloth is made for the Navv, were submitted to the action of steam from an alkaline ley ; and, in the Essay referred to in the correspondence, it was stated that " the Navy-board expressly forbid boiling them in such ley," and that " it was from this •i precaution their canvass had the pliable, oily Peeling, which so much recommended it." The dea of preparing Jiax by steam which I sug years ago, when witnessing the process oi steam- ing those yarns. My suggestion of simple muriate of lime was foreign to the purposq of bleaching ; though lime, when combined with alkali, is a powerful agent in that process; but unless used with great caution destructive to the material. Indeed it is evident, that the use of lime in combination with any substances, that may be applied to flax, should be critically graduated ; and great cir- cumspection on this point cannot be too strong- ly inculcated. 1 remain very truly yours, S. W. POMEROY. Brighton, 25th Sept. 1822. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. than the Ihiest specimens of art, or the moat perfect productions of nature. As we propose hereafter to give a particular and official account of the proceedings of tlie day, we close for the present with these general observations. A late arrival at New York from London, brings English papers to the Cth of August. They coutaia little interesting matter. The King is about to visit Scotland, and great preparations are making to give him a splendid reception. Scotch songs overflowing with loyalty, and imbued with the genuine quintes- sence of poetry, will be poured out in profusion. Sir Walter Scott, it is said, is about to levy a contribution on the muses, and decorate his Majesty's temples with garlands picked from the peak of Parnassus. BOSTO:^ :— SATURDAY, SEPT. 28, 18'22. ;ested in the Essay, first occurred to me, two t We have republished, in this day's paper, the Gra- ziers'' Ready Reckoner, which we copied from a late number of the Baltimore American Farmer. It is not in our power to vouch for its accuracy, although we have no doubt but it is useful when its calculations arc applied to the breeds of cattle, &c. for which they were intended. Whether similar acbneasurements, and corresponding results would help us yankees in guessing the weight of live stock of our common breeds is more than we are able to say. The Table, at any rate, will prove useful if it turns the attention of Gra- ziers and Butchers to the subject ; and may at least furnish hints for the construction of similar tables, adapted to tlie weight and corresponding dimensions of our common American animals. We have received a communication on the subject of Cider, which we think well and judiciously writ- ten. It shall appear in our next. WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW. The Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manufactures, and Ploughing Match, which was holden at Worcester, on the 25th inst. deserves to be spoken of in terms of no ordinary eulogy. The weather was fine, the concourse numerous and respectable, and many of our first citi- zens, by their presence, and the apparent zeal and ani- mation with which they entered into the spirit of the day, evinced that they were impressed with the im- portance of those pursuits which this Farmers' and Manufacturers' anniversary was imended to encourage. Every thing conspired to evince that the mental and physical energies of the country were flowing in the right channel, and by the blessing of Heaven could not fail to eventuate in the full tide of national and individual prosperity. The zeal and emulation exhi- bited by the competitors at the Ploughing Match kept expectation (together with the other spectators) on tiptoe during the trial. The rivals in the Chariot Ra- ces of the Olympic Games could scarcely have con- tended with more energy and earnestness, nor could the lookers-on have shown more interest in their con- tests. The Sacred and Literary exercises of the day, the toasts, which were the cap sheares of the festivities, the Oratorio of Sacred Music, which seemed to solem- nize the amusements, and consecrate the business of the anniversary, were highly appropriate and gratif}'- ing. The whole proceedings were such as to awaken and excite those faculties which at once exliilarate and exalt human nature, and by being depicted in a great multitude of " happy human faces," aflbrd an exhibi- ion not less pleasing to the man of " good feelings," Yrllow Ferer at Kew Orleans A letter from New Orleans, to the editors of the Portsmouth Gazette, da- ted August 23, says, " The yellow fever has commenc- ed its dreadful ravages in this ill-fated city, and as is usual, principally confined to northern constitutions. It will probably continue till the cold weather puts a stop to its career." An invention has just been brought to perfection, ia England, for the cuttiug, spreading and twisting of the wicks of candles, by which piece of machinery a single person can cut, spread and twist five rods in one minute, by which more than one half of the manual la- bor in the making of candles is saved. A premium of a silver cup, of the value of $12, is of- fered by the Bourbon Agricultural Society, in Kentucky, lor the best sample o( whiskey, in a quantity not less than one barrel. We have had frequent occasions to mention the ex- traordinary growth of Apples the present season ; but the following exceeds any we have yet heard of. A gentleman of Marblehead informs us, that he saw an Apple weighed on Tuesday last, which grew in a gar- den in that to-wn, and the weight of which proved to be Iwfniy-three ounces; and three apples (of which the above was one) weighed together three pounds and three quarters. — Salem Gazette. It is said that the springs in the county of Plymouth have never been so low, as at present, withiu the me- mory of man, R)/e Coffee. — It is stated that Philadclpliia furnishes Boston -with about 5000 barrels of rye coffee in a year. 71i( Duel. — We do not believe a single instance ever occuired, so calculated to check the ridiculous and absurd practice of settling principles of honor by skill in sharp shooting, or questions of character at the muzzle of a pistol, as the controversy between Colonel Gumming and Mr. M'Uutfio. hi adililion to the state- ments previously furnished, the New York Mercantile Advertiser, on the authority of letters received there from -Augusta, says, at the time of the arrest, a large mililar;/ force uas on the spot .' What perfect Orlarido Fnriosos these combatants must be. Some pcopU- could he ke) t apart by two platoons or such a matter of infantry, but these champions required :\ targe mili- tary force to effect the purjjose. — The following article from the .Morning Post, we really think too severe ; but these champions must expect a kw rubs, as an offset for the great anxiety and trepidation they have caused among the public : RETURN of the killed, wounded and missing in the late wonderful Duel between Mr. .VDuJfie and Col. Cutnming. Killed — none. Wounded, in the back — one. Missing, at roll call — none, Shook hands — two. Seconds — safe, Horses and negro coachmen — alarmed, The Public — very much amused by the performers, who appear to have paid grtat attention to stage effect. Further particulars iu tlie bills of the play. — Bait. Pat. 72 IN'EW ENGLAND FARMER. Fiom .Mrs. C'olviu's Weekly Messenger. THE FOX JIKD AKT. BY JOHS B. C. '**«, KSa. An Ant would have her picture drawn. By Fox, the STu.vp.r of the lawn ; Whose matchless sketches bold and rare. Are all as like as they can slan. This tiny aul in Reynard's hole Said, ' 'niOii;,'h admir'd by cveiy .-uii!. .Still I am nuek as tos=ct-lamb, And would be painted as I am !' Good, said the Fox, that's my affair ; Pray, Ma'am, be seated in the chaii-. Bhc sfjuats. Conceit began to fret, (The Ant was a complete coquette.) And roU'd her eyes and to?s'J her head, And bit her lips to make 'era red ; Forc'd many a trait from love to spite, Killing to look with all its might. Fox, with the pallet in his paw, Took snuff, and then began to draw ; Glanc'd o'er hor face ; found little in it — And did her likeness in a minute. Ant rose and look'd — ' Ve powers,' says she, ' Is this poor little image me ? ' Me ? me not bigger than your thumb ? ' The daub is not like me a crumb. ' No, by the powers that rule the ball, ' It is at least two thirds too small !' Fox, who descried her shoals and shelves Replied, ' Miss .\nt, few know themselves ; ' Small folks, by great conceit puffed fat, ' Are not one grain more greet fur llial ." MF.DICINAI.. We are aware that medical prescription?, conveyeil through the medium of a newspaper, carry with them no great force of authority. — It has not iinfrequently happened, liowever, that they have been productive of good. The great- est discoveries in philosophy liave been the re- sults of reflection, operating upon casual inci- dents. Valuable principles have been devel- oped in the healing, as well as in other arts, by fortuitous circumstances; and perhaps the fol- lowing iiems, which we have selected from English papers, may have the effect to rescue some one of the human funily from the evil it proposes to remedy. Sliould its application in a single instance be salutary, the l.ibor bestowed will not have been regretted. — American. Croup. — Dr. Keddelin, of VVeismar, has com- mimicated to the Koyal Society at Gottingen, the following successful treatment of Croup, af- ter the usual remedies had been tried without effect : — The patient was a female aged 19, who, on the third day after being seized with the Croup, was unable to swallow, had begun to rattle in the throat, and seemed approaching rapidly to dissolution. Dr. Keddelin insinuated, by means of a quill, a mixture of Spanish snufl' and mari'occo into her nostrils; and alter re- peating this mixture a second time, it excited sneezing and vomiting; this occasioned the dis- charge of two long nienibi'anous cylinders from the trachea, (wind-[)ipe) upon wliich the rat- tling immediately ceased, and tli(> patient was rescued from instantaneous suflbcation. One of the tubes, when split open, measured nine French lines in breadth ; they were quite white, and bore a strong exten?ion v.ithout injury to (heir fibrous texture. It is said to be a specific for the rheumatism, to apply a cabbage-leaf to the part affected. — Choose a perfect leaf, cut ofi' the protuberant stalk on the back, and place it on the part with a bandage of flannel on going to bed. It will produce a local perspiration, and in two or three repetitions a cure will be effected. A writer says, " tobacco exhausts those juices so essentially necessary to further digestion ; it creates thirst and nausea ; it destroys appetite ; the complexion becomes cadaverous ; tinally, the ehewer and smoker becomes a poor miser- able extenuated atrophic walking skeleton, smok- ing away his few remaining ideas, and spitting up his lungs, until death releases him from all his sufferings."' The truth, we believe, is, that to many constitutions tobacco is hurtful — to oth- ers, innocent ; and the true course is for those who find it injurious, to abstain from its use. That it is pernicious to young people generally is past a doubt, and therefore its use by them ought to be forbidden or discouraged. Great Establishment. — There is an extensive Manufacturing Establishment at Dover, N. H. The capital is j5f''J0,000 ; a great part of the shares, we believe, are owned in this city (Boston.) The proprietors have a Cotton Man- ufactory, which carries 2500 spindles, employs 36 looms, I'iO hands, and at which 10,000 yards of siieeting and shirting are manufactured and bleached per week. During the last season, the company erected a building of 80 by 54 feet, 4 stories, embracing a rolling and slitting mill, nail factory and machine. The basement and second stories are devoted to the rolling and slitting mill — the construction of the rolling mill is on a new principle, having but one water wheel placed at the side of the platform. The third story is used as the nail factory, and from 6 to 700 tons of iron per year, are cut into nails in this factory. The 4th story is occupied as a machine shop, in which 40 hands are employed, in making the various kinds of machinery for a new cotton manufactory, now erecting on the same falls, wliich is to be 154 by 43 I'eet, and will carry 4O0O spindles, and employ from 150 to 200 hands, and probably produce 20,000 yards of cloth per week. — This, with other improvements going on at Dover, will prove of lasting advantage to the town, "which is des- tined to become the Manclivster of New-Hamp- shire." — Gazette. Baltimore Alamifactnries. — The Federal Re- publican says, there are 13 cotton mills in that vicinit}', which drive at least 32,080 spindles — 2 woollen mills — 1 copper rolling mill, which is the only one of note in the United States — 3 extensive rolling-mills, which manufacture annually at least 1500 tons of iron into rods, hoops, bolt and sheet iron — besides at least 30 of the best and most improved merchant-mills ivithin the limits and environs of the city, that manufacture about 300,000 barrels of flour an- nually. working the pumps with less fatigue than is usu- al. This is a highly important discovery, and cannot fail to induce every ship owner to avail himself of the plan for the use of his ship. In- surance oflices would find it to be their intere'^f, and would do an act of humanity, were tliev to insist, as one of the conditions to insurance, that this highly improved plan .should be adop- ted by every ship over which they might ha\e any control. It is understood that Lieut. Voor- hecs intends to present his invention to the dil- ferent foreign governments through the medium of their Ambassadors at Washington. From the Xew York American. A method of working pumps, by means of a capstan, has lately been invented by P. T. \'oor- hecs, first Lieut, of the U. S. ship Washington. The machinery is simple, not expensive, and so constructed as to admit the common wav of Piety communicates a divine lustre to the fe- male mind — wit and beauty, like the flower of the field, may flourish for a season ; but let it be remembered, that like the fragrant blossoms that bloom in the air, these gifts are frail and fading. Age will nip the bloom of beauty; sickness and sorrow will stop the current of wif and humor ; and in that gloomy time which is appointed for all, piety will support the droop. ing soul, like a refreshing dew upon the parch- ed earth. — 1 am an admirer of simplicity ; hut I nevei feel a greater impulse to pay homage at ifi shrine, than \vhen it sheds its soft lustre on th( female sex. I am pleased when I behold wo man in such lights and shades of soul, tempo and disposition, as nature has originally forniei her in. Were I to select a fair " For solid comfort and connubial love," it should be her, who, reared in seclusion, wa the genuine child of simplicity — whose spotles mind has never received an unfavorable imprei- sion from the follies of a fashionable world. Sorrow and calamity are the surest test c religious principle ; and religious principle rise to moral sublimity when it teaches the sufferi! individual to breathe its glorious sjiirit throng its own hallowed medium. Intellectual talents are the noblest gift of th .\lmighty, but they involve their possessor i high and solemn responsibility. Prostituted g( nius is the nearest resemblance of the spirit ( evil. It looks like Satan clothed in the garb ■ an angel of light. The virtues, like the vices, are so fond i one another that they are seldom or ever foun separate; and if a virtue or two be sometinif found crowded in amongst many vices, they ar only like sprigs of geranium set without ro> in a garden, which, belore they hav^ time i take root, are thrown down by the first showf / or gust of wind, and wither away directly. i Lost money may be found again ; but a los character is seldom recovered. Sir Nicholas Bacon, a judge in (he time ( Queen Elizabeth, was once, while on the bencl importuned by a criminal to spare his life o account of his kindred. " How so ?" asked tb .Judge. " Because my name is Hog and youi is Bacon, and hog and bacon are so near a-ki that they cannot be separated." " Aye," sai the Judge, ''but you and 1 cannot be kindre except you be hanged ; for hog is not baco until it is well hanged." — Bacon^s Essays. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PublibU :d ivy I'HDMAS W. SHtl'ARU, Kog.Ts' IJuiUiinj:, Congress Slreet, IJostnn ; at $2,M ptr ami. in advancfi, or $3,00 at th'-- close nl tht yt ai Vol. I. BOSTON. SATURDAY, OCTOBER 5. 1822. No. 10. HOPS. We have been frequently requested to ghe, in tin- ievf England Farmer, a statement of the mostapprov- :d method of cultivating Hops. Wc accordingly copy he following from Messrs. Wells & Lilly's edition of Jcane's Georgical Dictionary. If any of our readers ire" in possession of any more improved mode of pro- luring that article, we should be very glad to receive m account of it for publication. HOP, Humuhis, a narcotic plant of the rep- ile kind, the flower of which is an in2:redient n beer, ale, &.c. As 1 have not hud much ex- jerience in hops, I shall give an account of the Manaoement of them, chietl}' aljstt'acteJ from he Complete Fiirmcr, and abridged. A rich, deep, mellow, dry soil, rather inclin- ing to sand than clay, is best adapted to the ciil- ivation of hops. A black garden mould is ex- :ellent. The ground should be ploughed very deep, jr dug ivith a spade, reduced to a tine mould liy repeated ploughing and harrowing, and laid ven. When the ground is in proper i-eaditiess for slanting, let a line be stretched on a straight side of a licld, with knots or rags in it, as far jsunder as you design your hills shall be ; and itick in the ground a sharp pointed stick at ev- ;ry knot, as marks for the places uhcre the lills are to be made. Remove the line to such I distance as to make the hills equidistant both •vays ; and so on through the whole ground. The distance of the hill should be regulated jy the strength of the soil. But in every case hey should be far enough asunder to admit the loe plough at all times. If the soil be dry and ihallow, SIX or seven feet will be a convenient iistance : But if it be rich, moist, and apt to jear large hops, it may be right to allow eight )r nine feet. The time to plant hops is when they begin .0 shoot in the spring. The sets are cuttmgs "rem the roots, or branches which grow from :he main root. They should be from live to seven inches long, with three or more joints or 3uds on each, all the old and hollow part be- ing cut ofi. Make holes twelve or sixteen in- ;hes wide, and of a depth proportioned to the lature of the ground. It' shallow, with hard I~l;lay or gravel under, dig not into it, lest 3 on liiake a basin to retain water ; but raise a small !i;ll of good mould. If there is a good depth ol rirh mellow mould, dig the hole a foot and a li ill. or two feet deep; the hops will thrive the jGller. When all things are ready for planting, fill up the holes with the mould before thrown out, it" it be good ; but if the same earth be not rich enough, make use of tine I'rcsh mould, or of a cnmpost provided for the purpose, a peck in each hill, but no dung on any account. Then with a setting stick make live or six ' '1 s, one in the middle perpendicular, and the L round it sloping, and meeting at the top liar the centre. Put in the sets so that they a\ay stand even with the surface, press the ai.iiild close to them, and cover them with tine jiould two or three inches thick. A stick should be placed on each side of the lull to se- cure it. The ground being thus planted, all that is to be done in the following summer is to keep the hills and alleys clear of weeds by frequent hoe- ings, to dig tlie ground in May, and carry olfthe stones raised by digging; to raise a small hill about the plants, and throw some mould on the roots, and in May or June to twist all the vines a.nd branches together in a loose knot, and lay them thus twisted on the top of the hill. Early in the following spring, when the weather is tine, open the hills, and cut off the shoots of the first 3'oar, within an inch of the stock, together with the younger suckers that have sprung from the sets, and cover the stock with tine earth. In the third and following years, when };ou dig your hop ground, let the earth be taken away with a spade or hoe, round about the hil!-^, very near them, that you may more convenient- ly come at the stock, to cut it. Then in fan- weather, if your hops be weak, begin to dress them: But if strong, do it later; for dressing late restrains their too early springing, which hurts the hop. After dressing in the second year, the next thing is to pole them. — Poles ten or twelve feet long will do then; but in the third year, when they come to their full bearing state, they will require poles of full size : This, if the ground be rich, and the hop vigorous, will be from sixteen to twenty feet; or there will be danger of losing great part of the crop. The hop will soon run itself out of heart, if it be over poled. Neither can a good crop be ex- pected from over poled ground ; because the branches which bear the hops grow very little, till the buds have overreached the poles, which they cannot do when the pole is long. Two small poles are sufficient for a hill in a jouni; ground. A hop garden, Mr. Young says, will last al most forever, !)y renewing the hills that fail to the amount of about a score annually ; but 11 IS reckoned better to grub up and new plant it every 20 or 25 j-ears. In forward years hops are ripe at the begin- ning of .September. — When they begin to changi colour, or are easily pulled to pieces; when they emit a fragrant smell, and when their seed- begin to look brown and grow hard, 3 ou mn_\ conclude that tliej' are rijie. Then pick llicn, •vitli all expedition; for a storm of wind will di them great mischief at this time. When the poles are drawn up in order to be picked, the vines around should be cut asunder at the height of three or four feet from the ground: For cutting them lower, especiail\ while the hops are green, would occasion so great a ilow olsap, as would weaken the root. It has been remarked b}' one who had much experience, that hops which are late pickeo bear more plentifully the following year than such as arc picked early : For which reason he recommends late picking. But the hops which are picked early look better, and are undoubt- edly stronger. The best way of drying hops is on kilns. Four V";i'«l^ ot imdried hops, will make one pound after they are dried. Bdfore hops are bagged, they should be laid in a hpap, that they may sweat and grow tough : , And if thoy are covered" for a while with blank- !cts, they will be the better. The bags arc j coarse linen cloth. They are ccminonly about eleven feet long, and near two yards and a half j in circumference, and contain about 250 weight of hops. The small bags, called pockets, con- t:iin about half as much. The manner of L;igging is thus. Make a round or scpiare hole abo'.it 2G or 30 inches over, in the floor of the chamber where the hops are laid in heaps after sweating. Tie with a piece of ])ack thread, a handful of hops in each lower corner of the bag, to serve as handles for the morc easy lit'ling or removing, the bag; and fasten the mouth of the bag to a frame, or hoop, somewhat larger than the hole, that the hoop, may rest on its edges. The upper [iart thus tix- ed, the rest of the bag hangs down through the hole, but not so far as to touch the lower lloor. Then throw into it a bushel or two of hops, and let a man go into the b;tg, and tread the iiops down till they lie close ; then throiv in more and tread ; and so on till the bag is full. Loose it from the hoop, and sew up the mouth as close as possible, tying hops in the upper, as was done in the lower corners. The harder Ihe hops are pressed, and the closer and thicker the bag is, the longer and better the hops will kee{>. A small manuring of hop ground every second ye:ir is suliicient. — Dung was tbtmcrly more in use than at present, ex|)erience having shewn ihat lime, sea sand, marie, ashes, S:c. answer ihe end better, and last longer. But hog dung prevents mildew Irom taking hops. Each pole, according to Dr. Kales, has three vines, which makes s.x vines to a hill. .\ll the sjirouts above this number, should be broken oft' n the spring. From the American Farmer. Prince Gcorgt's County^ Sept. 2Qth, 1822. Di:ar Sir — I do not recollect to have seen n your paper, a cure for the disease to which iogs are subject, commonly called the distem- per. Allho' I am a professed enemy to cirn, biped ;nd (juadruped, yet 1 confess I feel great respect ;'or some dogs, and take pleasure in relievuig iiieni from a malady \-. hich let alone, or injudi- ciou'^ly treated, becomes fatal to thousands. The cure is simple .and certain. To a dog eight months old, give 4 grains of Turbeth's mineral, m grnel or any thing else in which it will mix. Keep him from cold water 24 hours, then give 4 grains of crocus metallorum, and lurn him out. I have never known this reme- dy to fail. A Cucumber was raised in a garden in Port- land, by Mr. John Young, which measured twenty inches in circumference, and weighed seven pounds and two otinccs. — Portland Ga-, 74 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Massachusetts Spy of October '2. CATTLE SHOW, 4-c. On Wednesday last, the JVorce::tpecl.\e duties. At two o'clock, a procession was formed foe din- ner, which was handsomely provided by Messrs //otcc j- not been chilli enlertd, and have started leitliuut sigjiaf. the Jiidg'es are not pledged to uuard preinivnis. 6. The Chain of Union. — Tight, wilhoul ij'J/i'xq-. 7. The Yo^■e Matrimonial. — To keep both ends even, let ntilher side have the advantage. 8. The Spindle. — By one revolution our indepen- dence was achieved — by millions it i> perpetuated. 9. Cattle ."hows — and all other S^hows but the Law- yer's '■ chose in action." 10. Those who work and those who play. — May Ih.^ /brwfr have employment, and the /(.-//fc mtans to pay for it. After the third Toast, the Hon. ]\Ir. Wki.lf.s, one of the Trustees of the Mass;ii;hufetts Ayri- cultural Society, rose and returned his th.-mks for the handsome manner in which the jiarent Socieiy had been noticed, congratulated the members of the Worcester County Society upon the honorable result of tlieir exertions, and ex- pros-ed his hearty wishes for their future pro.'- perity. He then proposed the following senti- ment : — The Worcester Agricultural Society. — JTay tin ir success be commensurate with their zia!, intelligence and patriotism. The following Toast was given by the Hon. Mr. Llovd. The Yeomanry of Massachusetts.— Tndnstrifus, ii> lelligent and independent — natives o{ the soil — a stock of the first class, and not to be improved by any loreign crosses. At 5 o'clock the Trustees assembled in the Meeting House, and the several Committees made their Reports, of which only a summary sketch can nov.! be given. The Committee on A'cat Stock consisted of Hon. Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, Chairman ; !\Ir. Paul Dudley, of Douglas, Mr. .Tames Adams, of Barre, Hon. Jonas Sibley, of Sutton, and Mr. Levi Bartlett, of Rutland. This Committee, as usual, made a very long and interesting Report. The Conin)ittee expressed themselves in terms of admiration at the excellence of most of the Stock exhibited. They remarked with what high satisfaction they had witnessed the improvements taking place in those j>roperties which render Stock valuable. The Chairman again congratulated his fellow citizens upon the introduction of the Durham improved short- horned breed into our country — upon the pref- ei-ence which is now given to this breed by many of our best farmers — and upon the prog- ress it is making, in spite of prejudice, in the public estimation. ?dany other judicious and well-timed remarks were made by the Com- mittee, which we will not anticipate, because it is proposed to lay the v.hole of their report before the i>ublic iu a week or two; and wo hope that not a farmer in the County will neg- lect to read it. A'tcr observing upon the dilii-> culty ordiscnmin.Uion where merit wnj so near- ly equal, and regretting that they could not be- stow more reward where so much was deserv- ed, the Committee recommended the following premiums : — To Jason Waters, of Sutton, for the best Bull, $Vj To Messrs. Ward & Rice, of Worcester, for the next best, 10 To Reuben Newhall, of Spencer, for the best Bull Calf, To John Sherman, of Sutton, for the next best, 4 To Morarc Wnrren, of New Brainlrce, for the best Milt h Gov.-, 1'' To Klisha Matthews, of do. for the nest best, 10 To John A yres, of Oakham, for the next best, 11 To Stephen Williams, of Northboro', for the best Hcif( r, (' To ."Vsa liice. of Worcrstsr, for t!ie next he>t, .) To Xmci^ Sheldon, Jr. of Fitchburgh, for tiin bcsl Hiifer t'a'.f, 5 To John Uavis, of Worcester, for the next best, -1 To Thomas W. Ward, of Slireirsbary, for the best four 3'ear5 old Steers, 10 To Simeon I'htlps. of Sutton, for the best 3 years old Strcr^, n To N.ithl. Gates, of Worcester, for the next best, To T^iither "\Ahiting-, of Sutton, for the best 2 years old Steers, ^ 7 To I^uUe Baker, of Kutland, for the best yearling Steer?, 5 To James Black, of Barre, for the next best, 3 To Lewis Barnard, of Worcester, for the best Fut Ox, ir> To Asa Rice, Jr. of Shrewsbury, for the next best, 10 The Committee particularl\- mentioned the following .Animals as worthy of notice, viz : — The Bulls of Mr. Horace Warren, of Grafton, of Mr. Hale, of Koyalston, Mr. Leland, of Graf- ton, Mr. Sheldon, of Fitchburg, and Mr. Miles, of Westminster ; the Bull Calf of Doct. Ball, of Northborough ; the Cows of Mr. Boylston, of Princeton, and Col. Watson of the same town ; the Heifers of Theophilus Wheeler, Esq. ol Worcester, Mr. Peters, and Mr. King's, of Rut- land ; the Heifer Calf of Mr. Elisha Flagg, of Worcester; the Steers of Messrs. A. &, J. Chase, of Sutton; those of Mr. Lsaac Dodge, Jr. of the same place ; those of the Rev. Rlr. Daggett, of Mendon, (unfortunately not entered in season for premium ;) those of Mr. C^rus Lovell, ot Worcester ; those of Mr. Elisha Sumner, of Rutland; of Mr. Cumnimgs, of Sutton ; of Mr. Hathaway, of Grafton ; of Mr. Ho3wood, ol Millbury ; of Maj. Tenny, of Sutton ; and those of Mr. .Joel Wesson, of MiUhury ; the Fat Oxen of Col. Wynian, of Shrewsbury; and those of Mr. Benjamin Woodbury, of Sutton. Among the descendants of Denton, besides those above mentioned, the Committee also mentioned in (trms of high praise, the Bull Call' of Col. Wat- son, of Princeton ; the Bull and Bull Calf of Lovett Peters, Esq. of Westboroush ; the Bull Calf of Maj. Newlon ; the Bull Calves of Maj. Davis ; the Bull Calf of Hon. Oliver Fiske, and that of Mr. Benjamin Bntman ; and the Heifers, Bull and Heifer Calves of Maj. Lincoln. The Committee on Working Oxen consisted of Seth Lee, Esq. of Barre, Chairman ; Col. Wm. Foster, of Sturbridge, .Joseph Estabrook, Esq. of Royalston, Mr. John Batcheller, of Graf- ton, and Col. William Eager, of Northborough. The Chairman of this Committee had time only to make a summary report. The performances of all the competitors were well spoken of. — The Committee recommended the following premiums : — To Luther Whiting;, of Sutton, the 1st premium. fSlfj y« Seth Wyman, of Shrewsbury, 2d premium, ' 1^ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. To Jon,lB L. SiMey, of Sutton, 3d frcmluJii, lO To Nathaniel Gates, of AVorcester, -Ith premium, fj The Committee also parlicularly conimt led Ihe Working Cattle of Mr. Josej 1 Dudley, and Mr. I'eter Darling, of Sutton. The Committee on Merino, Mixed, ctnil JVative. Sheep, consisted of Hon. Aaron T "is, of Dudley, Chairman ; Capt. Cyrus Gale, of Northborough, and Mr. Willard Rice, of Spencer. The Chair- man of this Committee made some pertinent and forcible observations upon the great deliciency which was apparent in this kind of Stock, tlian which none, under proper management, can be more prolitable to the farmer. He recapitul- ated all the advantages which might be derived I'rom the encouragement of an improved breed of Slieep. and the particular advantages wlixli the County of Worcester enjoys in this resjiect. And he greatly lamented that with such moans as we possess to do ourselves and our County justice, there should be such a meagre c.\!iibi- tion. His Report will hereafter be published in detail, and we hope it will be generall}' read and as generally profiled by. The Commillee recommended the following premiums : — To William Lincoln, of Worcester, for the best Merino li^wes, §10 To John Uavis, of Worcester, tor the second best u To Levi Lincoln, of Worcester, for tjie best Merino Wether, 4 To F.zra Bigelow, of West-Boylston, for the best lot of Mixed Merino Kwes, .'» There was but one Merino and one Native Ram entered. The Merino had before receiv- ed a first premium, and was not considered as entitled to another. The Native Raiu was not judged worthy of a premium. The Committee on Szuine consisted of Lovett Peters, Esq. of Wcstborough, Chairman; Col. Seth Wyman, of Shrewsbury, and Mr. Rufus Por- ter, of Worcester. Thej' recommended the fol- lowing premiums : — To John Gkason, jun. of Worcester, for the best Boar, _ ^ _ SlO To Asa Rice, of Worcester, for the Best "Weaned Pi-, 4 To Joel Gates, of Worcester, for the best Breeding Sow, C The Committee regretted that the competi- tion in this valuable article of Stock was so lim- ited. They mentioned with approbation a Boar of i\Iaj. Simeon Burt, and one of Mr. Simon Gates — also the Pigs of Theophilus Wheeler, Esq. and of Jlr. Joel Gates. The Committee on the Ploughing Match con- sisted of Hon. Seth Hastings, of Mendon, Chair- man ; Samuel Read, Esq. of Uxbridge, Moses Thomas, Esq. of Sterlnig, Samuel Mixter, Esq. of A^ew-Braintree and Charles Mirick, ris(]. of Princeton. The Committee congratulated the Society on the continued and incrcas.ng interest excited by the Ploughing- .Match, and remarked how great an object it was to give to our tield.s a better cultivation than formerly, at a less ex- pense of labour, by improvements in the con- struction and use of the plough. The Com- mittee reported that ten competitors had perfor- med in their respective lots as follows: — Lot No. 1. John Park, of Millbury, one yoke of Oxen; himself plougiiman, no driver ; work performed in '27 minutes 4iJ seconds — 19 furrows — plough made by Ebenezer l^earned, of Ward. No. 2. Jabez Brighaia, ot Worcester, one yoke of Oxen ; ploughman,* Moses Brigham, no driver ; work performed in 22 minutes — 20 furrows — Dutch plough with a wheij, made by F.. Learned. No. 3. Jonas L. .Sibley, of Suttoa, one yoke of Oxen, n plotif-limaHj Kiitriitl Hliley, dtivM', f^ltiiiifcii ilarlii.f ; work )ic rtormid in IH niiuutes, &n .^iconds^lC funbws — common plough with a wheel, madutby A. Chase, of Sutton. No. '1. John Shennnn, of Sutton, one yoke of Oxen ; plQUghnian, Asa Cummins, driver, John Sherman ; work pirforined in 10 minutes, 30 seconds-— IG furrows — common plough with a whetl, made by John Hall, of Sutton. No. f). Moses Adams, of Sutton, two yokes of Oxen ; ploughman. Owen Brown, driver, 'I yler Marble ; ^ork performed in 17 minutes — Ifi furrows — common plough with a v.'hetl, made by A. Chase. No. C. Levi Lincoln, of W orccster, two yokes of Oxen ; ploughman, Philemon Wright, driver, Ariemas Ward, 2d ; work performed in 20 minutes — 18 furrows — Harrison's patent plough. No. 7. Silas L'udley, of Sutton, One yoke of Cxtn ; himself ploughman, diiver, Joseph Dudley; work per- formed in 20 minute's fjo seconds — 13 furrow?. — rominon plough, wiih a wheel and cutter, made by Jesse War- ren, of Dre'hani. No. C. iN'athaniil Gates, of Worcester, two yoke' of Oxen; ploughman, Levi Gales, elriver, Nathaniel Gales; work performed in 2-t minutes 58 seconds — IG furiows — Wood's patent plough. No. 0. Peter Darling, of .'mutton, one yoke of Oxen ; ploughman, Natiianiel Carroll, driver, Peter Darling ; work peiTornicfl in 30 minutes 2 seconels — 19 furrows — ■ (ominoii plough with a wheel, made by John Holman. of \\'arrocess of maturation, institutes that of decomposition, anil :mpairs the spirituous quality upon which the preservation of the cider wholly depends. It ■should be regarded, too, as almost equally in- dispensable to the good quality of the liquor, that the fruit should be separated before grind- ng. from unripe and unsound apples, and from all filth. The juice of an unripe apple is evea more pernicious than that of a defective one. The place in which the cider shall now be set to subside is interesting to its welfare. In a cellar of uniform temperature through the 3'ear, it may be left nndisturbcd to settle and refine on its own lees. The unstoppagc of cellar win- dows in the spring, admits an active agent to the acetous fermentation, against which, draw- ing off may be a safe guard. If placed in an open exposure below the freezing point, " The hoary frosts, and northern blasts, take care The muddy bever.age to serene, and drive Precipitant, the baser ropy kes." In this case, racking before a removal into the cellar, (for it ought not to freeze) and again in JIarch or April, may be necessary for the ex- clusion of the oft'ending matter. The difference in tlie two modes of treatment already supposed is, that in the first, nature is left to her oivn unmolested operation, through which her inten- tions of giving to man a delectable draught, will (if they have not been thwarted by his own remissness) be efTectually accomplished : — in the other, she is hastened on in her designs, and the precipitation of the performance requires, that certain of its stages should be seized to thrust (" i NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 77 out an enemy vvho is only on rest to recom- mence commotion. As to refining cider with matter, it may be given as a rule, that if while on the lee?, or %vhcn drawn ofl", the liquor is tran(|uil, pleasant, p ercing, and yet free from asperity, it may he left to itself; or, as is more fit for turbulent, acrimonious ;uid insipid bodies, a little tasteless mucilaarinous matter of any sort, as isinglass, calves teet jelly, the whiles of eggs, or dissol- ved glue, may he infused to accelerate the precipitation of the particles suspended in the liijHor. The addition of spirit to the expressed juice is a practice condemned by rninona^s Bard — ^^ \Vitl\ fhi-ir n:\tive strength. Thy vviiu's sulficiPnt." A sensible observer, too, of our own, has ex- pressed the same censure. But tlie subject has its qualifications. The treatment which is some- times necessary to give a saving soundness to wine, decides against these opinions. Drandy is re-mixcd with wine to give it solidity; and grapes of the greatest saccharine richness, af- fording a juice of nearly the consistency of honey, and easily convertible into spirit, are used to exalt inferior clusters into wine of a high quality.* In truth, it is on this point that intelligent observation must direct. Seasons of luxuriant vegetation produce a more aqueous apple than seasons of sterility. The eft'ect of these diU'ercnt seasons on the quality of cider cannot have escaped notice. In the dry sum- mers of 1G05 &. C. a spiritous ascendancy in the fruit generally triunii>hed, in cider, over mis- m=inagement in its making — on the contrary, m seasons of great abundance, and when the Iruit is distended to a great size by the watery ele- ment, the sjiirit of cider is reduced to so pre- carious a standard, that the skiltul and vigilant oii'y may boast of its possession in power and piir.ly. In these facts, which a moment's re- flection must cotifirm, we have the instruction we need — if tho '■ native strength" of the juice is surticient, an alliance should be rejected — if insuthcient, an auxiliary may be received, and as the fitest \i that nearest in affinity, Cider Brandy is the most suitable assistant. From these remarks, they result as general rules in the making of Cider, that apples should be ripe when gathered — that they should be housed to mellow — that they should be separ- ated, before grinding, from the rotten and im- ripe, and from all uncleanness — that they should be mashed fine in a covered mill, and lay in must before laying up, a longer or shorter time according to the temperature of the weather, avoiding, while in that state, the least appear- ance of fermentation, which then almost imme- diately produces acidity- — that the juice be pu- rified of pulp and impurities, by passing several * Otlicr, and less notorious secrets in the trnde of wine, give the same evidence. Currants, in the pro- portion often gallons to a barrel, will bring ou a fer- mentation in cider v.'hich terminates in a nroba!)ly, and indeed certainly, is that of a moth or butterfly. This was the course Profes.^or Peck pur-ued. We shall then know at what time, they rise, as but- terflies, or moths — when they deposit their egg's — when the larva or worm is hatched, and liuw long it continues its ravages. To what depth the larva descends, in order to undergo its change. It is indeed very alarming, if it de- scends three or four feet, as stated by Pi3mo- theus — but we must doubt this fact, until we kno»v, that the identity of the worm on the sur- face, and that fotmd in digging post holes, has been ascertained. Great credit is due to Ply- motheus for what he has done ; but we vieiv it only as a pledge, that for the public good, he will do more, which we feel convinced he is very competent, and very ready to do. There is little doubt from his description of the cfl'ccts of this insect, and of the mode of doing injiu'v, that it is the same insect, wiiich appeared in Worcester county, and the western parts of this fetate, three years since, and pattially on some estates, in lioxbury. The singular manner, in which tiie grass sward was undermined, so as to detach it trom the soil, and to enable you to roll it up, seems to identify it, with the insect so destructive, and alarming to us, at the period referred to. If it could he conceived that such an insect should he permitted to prevail over the country generally, it might ju'oduce a fa- mine, though we apprehend, "that there is little hazard of such an event — but it is very impor- tant, that we jhould trace its history with care, and we shall doubtless be able to find means oi destroying it. \\c should always remember, as farmers, that this fertile earth is given to us on the condition of our perpetual and never ceas- ing care to preserve its I'ertility, and that all the evils we eiicounier, dry seasons, devourinir insects, and blights, are only intended |i> sharp- en our intellectual faculties, increase our zeal and industry in the eliort to surmount them, and thus in tlie end to render the earth more pro- lific, than it ivould have been if no such stimu- lus had existed. A F.XKMER. dition. " These, O ! liomans, said lie, are my enchantments. My watchfulness, diligence and labor, 1 cannot display before you."' He was acquitted by an unan.mous vote. Truly it is labor, not expense, that makes a plentiful har- vest ; and it is an ancient adage, that the best manure is the eve of the master. Krom tlie .\merican rarmer. THE ROLLEPi — lis vsc and Importance. Mr. SKiNNEn — Looking accidentally into the Encyclopedia Britanica, at the article .\gricul- ture, 1 found the annexed passage, which you may think deserves to be inserted in voiir pa- per, as 1 do myself, because we suffer in this part of the country, from frequent droughts, and the reliel' alluded to in this article is not generally known, though certainly no recent invention or disco\er\'. Your obedient servant, THOM.\S W. GRIFFITH. The Roller is an instrument of capital use in husbanpry, though scarcely known in ordinary practice. " In the (list place, rolling renders a loose soil more compact and solid; which en- courages the growth of plants, by making the earth clap close to every part of every root, Nor need we be afraid of rendering the soil too compact : for no roller that can bo drawn by two or four horses will have that effect. In the next place, rolling keeps in the moisture, and hinders drought to penetrate. This effect is of great moment. In a dry season it may make the dilference of a good cro]) or no crop, espe- cially VI here the soil is light." 0:7=.\llow mc to take this opportunity to re- commend to all road makers, the use of an in- strument of the kind alluded to, that is, a roller, to press down the materials employed in mak- ing roads, btfure tlie same is travelled — a practice which was successfully adopted, on my sugges- tion, by the President and Managers of the Turnpike from Baltimore, towards York, in Penn. some years ago. T. W. G. lioxbunj, Hept. 25. Extract from Plinfs A''aiural History, Book xviii. [Translated for the New EnjlanJ Farmer.] Caius Furius Cresinus, a freed man, was hat- ed, and suspected of sorcery, by his neighbors, because he raised m-re from his small farm than they acquired from tlipir large possessions. A day was ajipointcd for his trial, by Spurius Albinus. Fearing condemnation, before the ojjinions of the people were asked, he brought into the forum his farming implements, and his healthy family, well taken care of and neatly dressed, (as Piso relates) tools excellently made, epades and ploughshare^, and oxen in good con- Krom the Cooperstown, (N. Y.) Jouinnl. IViishingion^s opinion of Agricultural Societies. I like occasionally to converse witli the raigh ty dead ; the results of their investigations, are ; ,o„.„ shewed another so many beacons to guide and direct those who seventeen ounces, them. Washington was indeed the ! the soil more and more an object of puidic pat- ronage. Institutions for promoting it, grow u] supported by the jjublic purse : And to what oIj- jectscan it be dedicated with greater j)roprietv 'i Among the means which have been employed to this end, none have been attended with great- er success than the establisliment of Boanls, composed of proper characters, charged with collecting and ditVusing information, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids, to en- courage and assist a spirit of discovery and im- provement. This species of establishment con- tributes doubly to the increase of improvement, by stimulating to enterprise and improvemenl. and by drawing to a common centre the results, every where, of individual skill and olx^ervation, and spreading them over the nation. Experi- ence, accordingly has shown, that they are ver\ cheap instruments of immense national benefit.'" From th3 New-Hampshire Fatriot. The corn, is at this time ripe in the fields just fit for the harvest ; and New-Hampshire never exhibited finer and heavier fields — it is believed all was out of the way of " Jack Frost" when he commenced his attacks. Potatoes, lurnip.'i and almost every kind of vegetable, have been attended by a growth, whose luxuriance was scarcely if ever exceeded. But the apple trees — we scarcely know how to describe their ap- pearance : — it would seem as if the whole growth of some trees could be intended to pro- duce only one year's crop like the present ; there appears to be, at least, a crop of three ordinary seasons in one. Farmers, in laying in their store of cider, ought to calculate for not less than two years. And not only there are more in number, but the size of the apple is in- creased. To the south, larger fruit of most kinds is produced than to the north: this may be seen in the orchards of Massachusetts con- trasted with those of New-Hampshire. The largest apple we have had any account of the present year was one at Marblehead, which weighed about 2.) ounces. In the orchard of Maj. Stark at Dunbarton last Thursday one of the editors jiicked up four apples Iving side by side as they fell from the tree, whicii weighed more than three pounds ; and Mr. G'ale of this a little over weighing come alter father of this country, and he has left many tes timonies of his wisdom and devotion to its best interests. At this day, there caii be found no man who has the temerity to impugn the mo- tives by which he was actuated, or doubts the policy of the measures whicli he urgeil upon the consider.ition of the National Legislature. In a speech at the opening of Congress, in De- cember, 170G, I find he recommended .Agricul- ture as one of the most proper objects of public patronage. It will be seen by the following extract from that paper, that Societies for the encouragement of the parent art, were consi- dered of ])rimary importance, and especially deserving the fostering sup]iort of the National Government. " It will not be doubted, that with reference eilher to individual or national welfare, -Agri- culture is of primary importance. In propor- tion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of maturity, this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of POT.VTOES were discovered in \'irginia, by Sir Waller lialcigh who imported them into England previously to 1590. In a manuscri|)t account of the household expenses of Queen .Vnne, wife of James 1. who died 1G18, the price of potatoes is given at one shilling a pound. — They now sell fourteen iioiinds for sixjicnce. They were not introduced into Ireland till ItilU, nor into Scotland until 1728, except in gardens, ilow rapid and extensive has been the growth and consumption of this root in the course of one centur}'. Camp Meeting. — A camp meeting of the Me- thodists commenced about five miles from Plats- burgh, N. Y. on the 5th and closed on the 9th ult. About 5000 were present. During its con- tinuance, the whole country was in motion, and every species of land and water transporalion was in requisition. — The society numbers more than 100 new converts at this meeting. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 70 m^ n* ifABiiiiiis. BOSTO.^ .—SATURDAY, OCT. 5, 1822. It is hoped that the valuable original communica- tions, published in this day's paper, will atone for the want of original matter under the editorial head. "Wt: had arlicles jirepared, which were omitted to give room for the official account of the proceedings at the Worcester Cattle Show. CATTLE SHOW AT CO.XCORD. The Middkstx Soculi/ of Husbandmen and Mann- fnf hirers, held their Anniversary at Concord, on the 3d inst. it was attended by a large and respectable assemblage of the substantial yeomanry of Massachu- setts, and many characters of the first respectability honored themselves as well as the occasion, by being present, and taking an active part in the business and amusements of the daj'. We hope to receive an offi- cial account of the proceedings at this Exhibition, for our next paper. HilhhoToy^'h. .V. //. CuHlc Saof\—\n Agricultural Fair anil Show was held at -imhcrst, on the 2-!th and -25th of September, which is spoken of in high terms. The New Hampshire Patriot says, " Without dispar- agement to any other exhibition, it may in truth be said that the patriotic County of Hillsborough has this year, not only out-done all her sister Counties, but ex- ceeded herself on any former occasion. This has re- sulted from the extended and liberal principles on which the Society has been managed, and from the prompt attention of its individual officers and committees to heir respective duties — in particular, from the un- wearied labor and perseverance of its Secretary, EDMr.ND P.vuKER, Esq. to whom the Society owes jiucli, and has acknowledged its obligations." ' The cattle were remarkably line, especially the j'oung bulls, steers and heifers. Gentlemen from Mas- ■achusttts who had frequently attended the great ex- inbitions at Brighton, freely admitted they had never ^eeu any cattle there superior to those which were ■eared on the high grounds of the county of HiUsboro'. There was not so great a variety of the household manufactures as might have been anticipated ; but bet- 'er samples have not probably been exhibited. Tlie outter and cheese were excellent — the woollen cloths would vie with superfine imported — the plain linens and diapers, the grass and straw bonnets, the carpets uid flannels did great credit to the fair hands which WTOught them. In short, there was scarcely an article exhibited which failed of discovering the improved taste and genius of (he people of this county."' There were nine persons competitors in the Plough- iig Match, and each ploughed the lot assigned him, of one eighth of an acre, in the following manner — Benj. I'arker in 13min. 5 sec. — .lohn Johnson in 13]nin. C sec. — Isaac Burns in 14 min. 45 sec. — Jonathan T. Wheeler in 15 min. 30 sec Levi Jones in 15 min. 25 ec. — Daniel Fuller in 16 min. 25 sec. — C. H. Ather- ton, one yoke, in 17 min. the other, in 20 min. without a driver — Timothy Danforth in 17 min, 30 sec. At half past 12 o'clock, at the Meeting House, after prayers by the Rev. Mr. Lord, an ingenious and per- tinent Address was delivered by Moses Eastman, Esq. of Salisbury. The awards of the several committees were then declared and the premiums paid. After the premiums were declared and paid, the fUv. Humphny Moore, of Milford, Chairman of the Viewing Committee, read a report which he had pre- pared. It gave a concise description of the Farms and Crops viewed, aud the ma«5agemeut and good husband- ry of the owners. The Amherst Cabinet declares that ■' it was replete with information and wit, aud filled the audience with delight and admiration." The same paper says that " the expediency of having the Show in the pleasant month of September, instead of October, and of having two days instead of one, has been decid- edly manifested. A large number of new members has been added to the Society, and we have heard of but tu-o who even thought of taking a dismission. As good a Show as we have now liad can always be had for $100, and we hope four hundred good farmers can be found in the county, wishing to contribute yearly the sum of one dollar each, thereby adding ten fold to the respectability of their own class and occupations." FOREIGX DEATH OF LORD LOXDOjXDERRY. The packet Ship Amity, Maxwell, has arrived at New York, with London papers to the 14th of August. They do not appear to contain any thing of importance, I if we except the death of the Marquis of London- derry, wlio committed suicide by cutting his throat on the 12th of August, at North Cray, County of Kent. The Louflon Courier of the 14th contains the Coroner's Inquest and \'erdict, from which it appears that he was in a (it of insanity when he committed the act, which was proiluced by extreme mental and bodily fatigue duiiug the late session of Parliament. On the death of Lord Castltreagh, the editor of the Liverpool Mercury' observes, ''The sudden, unexpec- ted and self-inflicted death of this nobleman absorbs the public attention to the exclusion of almost every other topic, not excepting the Royal \isit to Scotland — nor do we wonder at the interest excited by the de- mise of an individual, who was the very soul of the present administration ; and whose memory is so insep- arably associated with the crooked policy pursued by the British Cabii^ft for the last quarter of a century, that it will be ' damned to everlasting fame.' " His death was announced in London about half past one on the 12th, and produced great confusion and agi- tation at the different government offices. It had the effect of lowering the funds a half per cent. The verdict of the Coroner's Jury was, " That on Monday, Aug. 12, and for some time previously, the most noble Lord, Marquis of Londonderry, under a grie- vous disorder did labor and languish, and become in consequence delirious and of insane mind: and that whilst in that state, with a knife of iron or steel, he did inflict on himself on the left side of his neck, aud of the carotid artery, a wound of one inch in length and a half an inch in depth, of which be instantly died; and that no other person except himself was the cause of his death." To this verdict, all the jurors signed their names. Eight days ht!e.r. — Bj- an arrival here on the 2d inst. London papers have been received as late as the 22d of.\ugust. The Greeks continue a successful opposi- tion to the Turks, and have threatened measures of retaliation for the cruelties committed at Scio, which it is thought will operate as a restraint on the barbari- ty of the ferocious Ottomans. In Spain the waves of political commotion appear to be fast subsiding. Accounts to the 14th of August have been received in London, which stutc that the new miuisiry was f.rmly established, and tlint they gave such indirations of talents, energy, and liberality as led to sanguiuc hopes that order will he restored, and the country tranquillized. At Cadiz every thing was quiet, and the Constitutionalists completely vic- torious. A Congress of Sovereign? v.'as io hold a session at Verona in August, and hopes were entertaiiifc that measures would be adopted by those potentates for the benefit of Greece. The Marquis of Londonderry was buried with great pomp and magnificence in Westminster Abbey. His successor in office will not be appointed till after the return of the King from Scotland. The reception of the King at Edinburgh, was every way worthy the Scottish character, and gave infinite satisfaction to bis majesty. Du.MEbTlC. Mr. Slemson, of Galloway, N. Y. has rereivfd pre- miums from the Agricultural Society of Saiatcga coun- ty, for having raisi'd 02 bushels of Barley on an acre — four and an half tons of Timothy Ilay, per acre, on eight acrci — 104 burhels of Corn on an acre — and also the large.-t crop of Potatoes in the couiify. The crops of Rice in the vicinity of Savannah are uncommonly abuudaut aud of goorl quality. About one half of f he crop was supposed to have been har- vested previous to the 14th Sept. K person by the name of Richard David, residing in Indiana, was lately bit by a rattle-snake in to fatal it manner, as to cause his inunediate death. Last week, (says the Gazette,) on the complaint of file Polic:e Officer, one oi our butchers was con\ icted, before^ the Police Court, of offeriug for sale, at the Boylsfoii Market, raised and stuffed meat, contrary (o a cily ordinance passed on the 22d July last, aud fini (t fi\ e dollars and costs. Ibis being the first con^'icfion under the law, the Court sentenced the offender in the smallest penally, but intimated a determination to in- crease the fine ou future couviclions. BRIGIITOy SHOW AND FAIR. The Members of the Massachusetts Society for Promotiiio- Agriculture, will please bear in mind, that their attendance is evpected at their Hall, in Brighton, on Wednesday, the 9th of Oc- tober, at 9 o'clock, A. M. as business is to be transacted — the admisson of new members, &ic. All those Gentlemen who arc appointed on Committees, will please be punctual in their at- tendance, at 9, A. M. of the days on which their particular duty falls, as the Trustees intend to adhere strictly to their Rules and Regulations. Those Ladies who wish to view the Manu- factures in the Hall, will please to observe, that they must ascend to it by the steps at the .South End, outside of the building, and that the same will be devoted exclusively to them on the 9th, from 9, A. M. to 12, A. M. Some of the Trus- tees will attend them, and no other Gentlemen will he admitted during those hours, except the oxi'ncrs of the goods, who are expected to exhi- bit and attend to them. After 12 o'clock of the 9th, the Hall of Manu- factures may he visited by Gentlemen. The Cialleries of the Meeting-House will be reserved for Ladies, till the procession enters, at 1 o'clock. The doors will be open for tlieiii exclusively, at 1 1 o'clock. Any Gentlemen having fine Animals that are not entitled to be oflered for premium, or that have previously received them, are requested to exhibit them, and Pens will be provided. A Dinner will be ))rovided at Dudley's Hall ; a lew tickets for which, at one dollar and fifty cents, arc deposited at Wells and Lilly's, Court- street, till file morning of the 9th, after which they will be with Mr. Kuhn, at the Society's Hall, in Brighton; and where, also, those Mem- bers of the Society, who have not received their diplomas, can obtain them. Any . Gentlemen having tine specimens of Grain or Vegetables, will please deposit them iu the lower Plall ; also, any new Agricultural im- plements, which thoy may think deserve notice, slating on a card their quality. It is requested of Gentlemen havingyijie F;i«V, to de))osit some with Mr. Dudley, lor Ihc Agri- cultural Dinner, attaching their names to the same, which olTcrings will be duly noticed by the company. Per Order, GORHAM PARSONS. 80 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, the BY T. O. FKSSEMDES. Hale not laborious icork, ntitlur husbamlry, which Mosl Hish, hath ordained Ecck Apoc. Altliough some men, with pride tlale, Caii't condescend to cultivate The life-supporting soil, The Highest husbandry ordaiii'd, Nor can the proudest be sustain'd Without the Farmer's toil. If Adam, in his sinless state Was well employM to cultivate The soil, which gave hiiu birth, One would suppose his sinful race ^^'ould not esteem it a disgrace To till the fruitful earth. Yet many a liale and brawny lout Wont stoop to set himself about So noble an employment ! In doing mischief, doing nought, And doiiig nothing which he ought. Is plac'd his whole enjoyment. Some dolts as stupid as a stump. Have had the happiness to thump Their pates against a college ; Can construe, possibly, quid agis .' And therefore think themselves great sages, Quite prodigies of knowledge. Others, perhaps, still greater bores. Have learn'd the odds, in mei-chants'' stores, 'Twixt muslin and molasses ; But still for manners, means and mind. Rank with those brutes, he wish'd to find, AVho sought his father's asses : Yet, being gfJi/Zemen by trade. They will not touch an axe or spade. But, useful labor shunning. They lounge about in lazy bands, Throng tippler's shops and tavern stands, Like rattle-snakes a sunning. And some the learn'd professions crowd, Whose shallow pates are not allowM To take in two ideas ; Their feeble wits for years they task, Ere pride will suffer them to ask What nature's fix'd decree is. All these, a poor mistaken race, Think husbandry a great disgrace, Though ^\ashington thought not ; And hands which empire's rod could wield, Have been employ'd to till the field. And bless'd their happy lot. Xow these our lays are not design'd To undervalue men of mind, Nor fruits of intellect ; The learn'd professions we would fill \Vith men of science, sense and skiU, Most worthy high respect. Still, those professions, 'tis allow'd, Are sadly cumber'd with a crowd, A nice but needy train, Oblig'd to tax their brains with double A common farmer's toil and trouble, A livelihood to gain. Merchants are useful in their places, But if society embraces Too many of the caste. As sure as man's to trouble born, Straight through the small end of the horu Some must be squeez'd at last. Header, I don't pretend to say But what your eminency may Be bless'd with parts uncommon ; A better head and heart, peihaps. Than commonly since Adam's lapse, Arc owu'd by man or woman. It dot-s not follow thence, however, Vour hands, so delicate, must never Perform " laborious work :" That you should loiter life away. And vegi tate from day to day. As lazy as a Turk. You arc, perhaps, by mother wit. As wfll as education fit Some famous part to act ; But it is possible there may Be other great men in your way, As good as you, in lact. And if you've reason to suspect The higher toils of intellect Are not for you decreed ; Your hands, in useful labor plied. May, with God's blessing, still provide For every real need. Then swing the axe, or ply the spade. Or work at that mechanic trade \Vhich suits your genius best ; Become a tinker, rather thau A mischievous, or idle man, A nuisance or a pest. And shun those imps, with pride elate, \\ ho cannot stoop to culti^'ate 'i he life-supporting soil ; And contravening God's commands, Will not employ their heads nor hands In any useful toiL From the Boston Daily Advertiser of October 1. AGRICULTURAL I.NTF.LLIGENCE. The season hies been unusually fertile — Indian Corn, our great staple has rarely been better or in greater al.'undancc. All vegetables have flourished unusually well, and the crops are great. — Still it must be admitted to have been a season beyond all example, dry. The springs are lower than they have been for thirty years. A pond which has been full to overilowing for thirty-five years, has been for six weeks past, two feet bclotv its ordinary level. Many wells have failed, which were never known to fail before. The after feed is nearly cut ofl", and the effects will be felt next spring in the high price of hay, unless we are supplied from the Eastern shore, where the season has been more favorable. Apples are more abundant and larger and fairer than we have ever known them, but we fear they will be preserved with difficulty. They will ripen prematurely, and cannot be preserved till spring without great care. The use of these hints will be perceived, if those who raise, or buy winter fruit, will in conse- (juonce of this intimation, take unusual care in picking^their fruit and in its preservation. As the apples are so ripe and of course the skin so soil, it will require more caution to prevent bruises in picking them, vvhich arc always fatal to the fruit. Purchasers buy apples by the bar- rel without inquiring into the iiunmer in which they have been picked and put up. Yet one barrel well picked, is worth two carelessly man- aged. When put up in such a season particu- larly, and in all seasons, they should be kept as cool as possible. — Any degree of cold short of freezing is not only not injurious but highly beneficial to fruit intended for winter use. Pears have been fairer and finer this year than for ten years past, but they ripen, and rot much earlier than usual. They should be exposed to the greatest possible degree of cold. It is not probably generally known that winter fruit can be preserved in ice houses till August in per- fection, and that cherries and other summer fruits can in like manner be kept perfect for many weeks, long after their season is past. The sweet potato has flourished this season beyond expectation. It is very sweet and dry — full as good as those raised in New-Jerscv, and we think better. We have had them in per- fection for seven weeks, since the 6th of August — and on one eighth of an acre, \\c have raised enough for our own wants, and have been able to send to market what will pay the whole ex- pense. Our neighbours, who attempted to raise them, we are sorry to perceive, have failed, ow- ing- partly to the unusually severe, and early - frosts of the past week, but more particularly to the injudicious selection of southern seed. They procured them from Virginia instead of New-Jersey. This, like all other plants, must be (to use a southern phrase,) acclimated. The peach and cherry were gradually introduced into northern regions. If we should import a peach tree direct from Armenia or Persia, its native region, it would never ripen its fruit with us. It is only by very gentle transitions that we procure m perfection fruits not natural to our soil. A ROXBURY FARMER. From the Connecticut Mirror. Mrs. Wells of Wcthersfield, (formerly Miss Woodhouse) has received by the hands of Mr. Marcus Bull of this City, the Medal and twenty guineas which were awarded to her by the British " Society of Arts," for her ingenuity in the manufacturing of the splendid Bonnet, which Mr. Bull carried to London. We have not seen the Medal, but we understand that it is of per- fectly pure silver, of about the circumference and twice the thickness of a crown — with vari- ous emblematic devices, elegantly executed on one side, and on the other a short inscription stating who gave it, to whom it was given, and lor what reason. In remarking- on the new material for fine straw plait, the Connecticut Courant says — " The importance of this discovery to that country will be readily perceived, when we state that nut less than one hundred thousand females, who have been formerly employed in the manufacture of Straw Bonnets, are now either partially or wholly deprived of their only means of obtaining a reputable subsistence. — From the experiments already made in cultiva- ting the grass in England, no doubt remains as to Its success ; and we may say with safely, that in giving this discovery to our mother country, we make her a valuable return in the account of reciprocating national discoveries and im- provements. \Vc sincerely hope that the im- portance of this discovery to our own country may not be lost sight of; but that immediate and extensive establishments may be formed for the manufacture of domestic Leghorns, as we cannot iloubl that surli establishments would meet with a liberal support from all classes of society. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published every Saturday, by 'I'llOMAS W. SHKl'ARU, Rogers' Building-, Conjrtss Htrct-t, Knstnu ; at $'2,M per ami. in advaiiLC, or $'.i,(H) at (hi close o! tlu y( ; 'OL, I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 12, 1822. No. 11. ©A^^iLm ssiso'^^^rs. From the MiddliBex Observer, of Oct. 5i MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW. The Society of Middlesex Husbaiidmeti and Mamiractiirers held their annual lair in this town, on Thursday last. I The day was tine, and the number of citizens present from Various parts of the county, gave pleasing evidence of the increasing interest ta- ken in these useful exhibitions. At about iialf past 10 ©"clock tt procession, composed of the tnembers of the Society and others, proceeded from Mr. Darrah's Hotel to the Meetinar-house. where, after a very appropriate supplication to the Throne of Grace, by the Kev. Mr. Field of Weston, an Addiess was delivered by Mr. Fes- senden. As it is expected this Address will be published, we will make but a single remark concerning it, viz. that it fully answered the highest expectations of the audience. The procession then moved to the Courl- Houso, where the Committee on Manufacture's proceeded to examine the numerous articles presented for inspection. The remainder of the procession moved to the tield, on which the pens for the reception of animals were erected, and which were well tilled. Among the many (iuo animals whicb we noticed, we cannot help making particular mention of a superior yoke of steers, (four years old) belonging to Mr. Jo- diah Hayward, of Westt'ord, and a fat ox, (five years old, wt. 2000) belonging to Mr. Amos FJa- Tis, of Groton. Alter the animals, manufactures, Sic. had been inspected by the respective Committees, a com- pauv, consisting of nearly two hundred, partook of an excellent dinner provided by Air. iiarrah. The repast was concluded by drinking the following toasts, accompanied by a select band of music. 1. The Commonwealth of Massachtftctts — She knows where her strength lies — she has patronized agriculture and domestic manufactures. "1. Agriculture the first employment of man ; the pro- mise of seed time and harvest was made to such, and to such only as put their hands to the plough and look not back. 3. American Manufactures. — Their superiority is pro- ved by En;^lish imitators. We'll show them a yankee trick Ijy and by. 4. The farmer and mechanic, while they pay direct taxes, unequal in their operations, will find some ^^ specific''^ to render them equal. 5. The farmers' and manufacturers' holiday? — They have driven from thejield dice-boards and puppet-shows, and have made the most useful exhibitions a feast of pttasurei 6. Our brethren of South Am<'rica — They have sac- rificed thtijimliings of their flucks to liberty — we offei them the right hand of fellowship. 7. Our fair country women — Let your daughters be educated for domestic housewives, and there will be less show, more substance, and fewer old bachelors. By the President of the Socieii/. The Governor of this Commonwealth — The tried pat- riot — the gallant soldier. Bij General Parker. The encouragement of domestic manufactures — the only system of finance that can equalize our currency, and balance the aanual forty millions of surplus iaipor- tations.. Bv Jckr. A'lj'^'.-', r':^j. one of the Cuminitlie of ..'liTuni^t- mcnls. The Orator of the da)' — The doctrines he has this day taught us should operate like (juick-lirne, and quick- en us in our duty. At four O'clock, tlie several Committees re- paired to the Court-house, when the premiums were announced by the Secretary. Among the manufactures we noticed with pleasure an ele- gant carpet; wrought by Mrs. I'itls, of Chelms- ford, a tine straw bonnet, the production of Miss Dalrymple, of Marlborough; aiul a beautiful imitation Leghorn, made by Miss Sherman, of tiie last mentioned town. We likewise saw 4 beets, the average weight of which exceeded thirty pounds; a cornstalk, containing live large ears of corn; some very large apples, thoug'i none of the latter equalled the New-York too pounder. The performances of the Harmonic Society of this town, at the Meeting-house, and of the musicians who volunteered their .services as a band on the occasion, were deservedly well spoken of. The several Committees awarded the pre- miums as follows, viz. — To Capt. Uriah Manning of Woburn, for the best Bull, $15 To Uavid Perham, of Chelmsford, for the nest best, 6 To Benj. Wheeler, ofFramingham, for the best bull Calf, 4 To Josiah Hayward) of VVestford, for the best -Work- ing Oxen, 12 To Edward Wetherbee of .icton, for the nextbest do. C I'o Paul Adams, of Concord, for the best Milch Cow, 10 To Paul Adams, of Concord, for the best Heifer, 8 To Benj. Wheeler, of Franiingham, for the next b«-st, 4 To Amos Davis of Groton, for the best fatted Ox, 10 I'o Wm. Brown, of Concord, for the nextbest, 1 To Nathl. S. Beunet, of Framiiigham, for the best Boar, 4 To Cyrus Hubbard, of Concord, for the best Sow, 3 To Zadock Rogers, of Tewksbury, for the best pigs, four in number, 3 Cotton, Woollen^ and Linen Manufactures, S^-c. To Mr. Shepherd, of Watertown, for the best piece of Bi'O'ddcloth, 15 To the Rockbottom Manufacturing Company of .Marlboro' for the next best, being of raixt, 5 To Stephen Buttrick of Framiiigham, for the best piece of plain cloth, fi !'o Josiah Melviu, of Concord, for the next best, 4 fo the Rockbottom company, for the best piece of Kerseymere, not less than ten yards, 6 To Eli Brown, of Concord, for the best piece of Flannel, not less than 20 yards, 6 To Miss Mary Hurd, of Lincoln, (6 years of age,) for a coverlet, 1 To Mrs. Pitts, of Chelmsford, for the best piece of carpeting, C To Mrs. Beujamin, of Concord, for the next best, 3 To Miss Betsy Whitcomb, of Boxboro' for the best 'woollen coverlet, 4 To Mrs. Benjamin, of Concord, for the next best, 2 To John Buttrick, of Concord, for the best woollen blankets, 4 To Ephin. Osborn, of Dracut, for the best piece of linen diaper, 3 To Nehemiah Hunt, of Concord, for the next best, 2 To John Butman, of Tewksbury, for the best wool- en hose, 2 To Miss Emily Wheeler, of East Sudbury, for tlic next best, 1 To Kendall Baiiey, of Charlcstowu, for Morocco Skiua, 4 Concord, for the best pair, of To A!«i:.loore, Boots, for the best jiair Ladies' shoes, 1 for the best pair men's calf skin do. 1 To Wm. Parker, of Pepperell, (or the best Fool.?- cap Paper, 2 To Joshua Pushce, of .Vcton, for the best hogsheids, S for ths next best, 2 To Simon Tuttle, of Acton, for the be.^t barrels, 3 'I'o Daniel M'Clenuiug, of LiUleton, for the next best, 2 In-jentio7Ts, improvements in Alachinery, iinple- ihcnts of Husbandry., and all Manifactures, S,-c. not sj>ecitilly coitiniittcd to any other committee. To Mrs. farah Hov To .labez Brigham, of Worcester, for the next best, 3 To Nathan Stone, of W ard, for the best Linen Diaper, 8 To Lemuel Healy, of Dudley, for the best speci- men of Sewing Silk, 10 To Harmon Chamberlin, of Worcester, for two Linen damask Table-Cloths, 2 To Abigail Hapgood, of Shrewsbury, for a Straw Bonnet, 3 To Benjamin Read, of Tcmpleton, for the best Sole Leather, 10 To .Joseph Griggs & Co. of Millbury, for the best Calf Skins, " 10 To Jolin Aspinwall, of Millbury, for the best Mo- rocco, 6 To Stephen Hastings, of Sterling, for the best Butter, 7 To Oliver Barrett, of Bolton, for the next best, 5 To PhUcmon Wright, of Worcester, for the next best, - 3 To Francis Grout, of Worcester, for another speci- men, 2 To Ebenezer Tidd, of New-Braintree, for the best Cheese, 10 To Wm. F.arl, of do. for the next best, 5- To Seth Goddard, of Holdtn, for some excelUnt Barrels, 1 To Josiah Rice, of do. for same, 1 The Committee particularly mentioned sev- eral articles as worthy of praise, to which it was not in their power to award premiums, viz. a- piece of Linen Shirting, by Sibil Wilcox, of New-Braintree ; a Straw Bonnet, exhibited by Elias Whitney, of Lancaster; one by Jonathan Wood, of Worcester; one by Martha Ware, of Shrewsbury ; and one by Miss Green of Mendon : some very nice Maple Sugar, by Mr. Riug, ol" Hardwick; a superb Fowling Piece, by Silas Allen, of Shrewsbury ; a Patent Time-Piece by Simon Willard, of Roxbury ; some superior Hats, by Joseph F. Seaver, of Norlhborough ; an ele- gant Covering to a Musick Seat, by Mrs. Eliza- beth Davis, of Worcester ; a tasteful specimen of Needle Work, by Miss Lincoln, of Worcester ; some well manufactured Sole Leather, b}' Mr. Davis, of Northborough ; Calf-Skins, by Messrs. Davis; Morocco, by Messrs. Griggs hips, if necessary, for maintaining the poor — and our township, at the last census, contain- ed eleven hundred and seventy-seven persons." There are not any paupers. Mrs. Judson, wife of a Missionary, has arrived at Philadelphia frona India. 84 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL REPOSITORY AM) JOURNAL, FOR JUNE. (Continued from p. 63.) A letter to the Correspoiulin^: Secretary, on the subject of Fruit Trees, with the signature, " A Norfolk Gardener," contains the following judicious observations : '• The health, habits and fruitfulness of a tree depend upon the habits it receives in the nur- sery. First. The health of the tree depends in pari on the soil of the nursery, which should be I'rec from manure, and as nearly a gooil viifjin soil as possible. This soil will give sufficient nour- ishment to the plant without tbrcing it into lux- uriance ; and when it is trnn-p!aiitcd from the nursery it will not be checked in its growth il the soil into which it is put has never been ma- nured. Younj trees are more healthy by being put into pure natural earth than if manured ; and when age an;l decay come upon them they will feel the benefit of this stimulus, if applied, with more effect. One of the principal causes of ill health or canker in young trees taken from nurseries is, that the nurserj; men seldom take the trouble To cut off the wood above the bud close to its .shoulder, leaving a smooth and sloping surface. !f they were to do this the wound would heal 'he tirst season ; but they usually leave a srn.ill piece iVom which the top has been sliced oil without car^; or rellection half an inch aliove the shoulder of the shoot or bud, and of course bevond the reach of the sap which issues from it, and from the edge of the live bark to cover tlie cut. This piece of wood dies, and it will soon communicate its disease to the sound bark and wood, until the eMl is beyond the reach of ihe knif<^. Second. The habits of a tree depend in a great measure on the quality of the scion or bud which is ])ut into it, and on the direction given to its branches in the training and pruning them. The scion or bud should never be taken from a tree that is unhealthy, or that is not in hear- ing; and the strong and luxuriant shoots should always be rejected. It is even better never to take them from a tree that is very luxuriant in its growth. Ifitbean apple, or pear tree, select your scions from the end, or near the end of the fruit bearing branches. The buds of the shoot should bo plump, full and healthy. The middling •sized scions are the best. The y(umg tree will assume the character of the scion which is in- serted into it, and will grow moderately or oth- erwise; fruitt'ully or barren, according to the judgment u-t'd in selecting the scions and prun- ing its branches. If it be a peach that you are to bud, take Ihe fruit bearing shoots of a moderate size with doul)le and triple buds. These will put out bk-'Soms in the spring, which may be rubbed off when the wood bud has opened, and the sec- ond year your tree will show fruit. Whereas trees grafted or budded from strong gluttonous shoots grow vigorously for many years without giving the cultivator any returns for his labour. i have trees, both pears and peaches, in my gar- den, which were taken from a ]iublic nursery more than ten j'ears ago, and which have al- wa.s been growing with rapidity, and in appar- eat good health, but which DCver produced me any fruit ; and 1 have otiiers which 1 have bud- ded myself, which have been constantly science, that 1 call Semi Geometry, and which teaches how to project al- most every thing necessary in country business, with a plain scale of equal parts, and pair of dividers, without any calculations by numbers. 1 carried it so far as to project extracting the cube root aiul gauging casks, and finding their ullage. To find the contents of a cask by semi geome- try is a very handsome projection, but the fig- ure cannot be intelligibly described in a newspa per, without a large plate — yet, to such as are well versed in Euclid 1 may render myself in- telligible, for to such if they are expert with a scale and dividers the contents of a cask, without any calculation, may be projected into a paral- lelogram, of equal contents superficial measure. That for a large cask, would ho extensive, and may be reduced, although 231, the cubic inches in a gallon, is an uncouth number to divide — it will divide by 3 and 77 only; then suppose the parallelogram, is i)rojected for 3 inches deep, we liave 77 to divide again, that will divide by 7 and 11 only, then project the reduced parallelo- gram to one of equal content 11 wide, then step ofl" the gallons by 7. Semi Geometry is a science that all farmers ought to learn, in order to he ready to lay out an}' kind of farmers or mechanical business. In my treatise of arithmetic 1 taught decimals with whole numbers from the first numeration table, in order to suit the currency of the I'nit- cd States. 1 taught that there was but simply the ju'/if numbers in nature, that any thing fur- ther than nine was but repetition, according to place in the numeration table. That nine was the Cro'^i-ii A'umhrr, and would prove any cal- culation within the tour rules in whole numbers, and taught how to prove them, as also if there was an error in mu!tii)lication to shew whether it was made in multiplying or adding, and if in long division whether in multiplying or sub- tracting. When I came to treat of interest, 1 disliked very much any rules that 1 could find published for calculating interest fer days or broken time, as the work was too tedious and too much lost in little fractional remainders to be correct. I tried a variety of ways to form some better and more exact rule that would not require so many figures — until 1 discovered nine proportion- ale Logarithms (and there is no more in nature) that will shew the interest of any broken sum of dollars and cents for any broken time or num- ber of days, or at any rate per ceat — and bring out the whole in one sum to the ten thousandth part of a cent, with less figuring than any other mode, and without any division, which 1 believe the greatest of my discoveries. I shewed them at several of the banks that I could calculate interest quicker and more cor- rect than any clerks they had — but they spurn- ed at such instruction. I then tried to sell my copy right to several printers — they would not buy it because they said it was not like Dil- ■worths and other treatises. 1 told them if it was like other treatises there would be no need for them to buy it — and that if pef'ple would be such slaves to custom as not to look at any thing new, they never would advance in improve- ment. At this advanced period of life I believe that my labours for the benefit of the public must die with me, except some few ideas that may be retailed in newspapers. SAMUEL PRESTON. Stockport, Pa. Sept. 19, 1822. Camden, (N. J.) September 17. We have seen a specimen of Cotton of a strong and silky texture, raised in a garden of i\ gentleman in Camden; most of the pods on the stalks are likely to come to maturity, although the seeds were planted quite late ia the spring. Wc understand that the cotton has been pro- nounced by a gentleman from Louisiana, equal to that which grows in the southern States. — Who knows but that the cultivation of cotton, on particular species of soil in West Jersey, may at some future period, become au object worth the attention of the farmer 1 1 66 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. it. m. irAmMMiB. BOSTOK.—S.ITURDAY, OCT. VI, i;i22. BRIGHTON FAIR AND CATTLE SHOW. The annual exhibition of Cattle and Manu- factures was holden at Brighton on the f th and 10th inst. The fair v.as attcndod by " '^Tge concourse of citizens from Massachuselts and the adjoining States, including some from the southern '.section of the Union. Fine animals, line manufactures, fine vegetables, rare, curious snd useful macliines, the best products of the soil, and the best results of mechanical ingenui- ty, proofs of industry excited by emulation and guided by skill. Were exhibited in profusion. Detailed accounts of all that was worthy of no- tice would be too voluminous for insertion, and arc rendered unnecessary at this time, as we propose to publish the official reports of the several cotntnittcea, as soon as received. At one o'clock, of the first day, the Society went in procession to the Meeting House. A prayer by the Rev. Dr. Foster, and an Adilress by the Hon. Timothy Pickering, composed the exercises at that place. Mr. Pickering's .Ad- dress was plain, practical, and replete with val- uable information. The subjects treated of, (such as the theory of vegetation, the food of plants, the uses of lime and the mode of its operation, &c.) were some of them abstruse, but rendered fis perspicuous as possible by the ven- erable Orator, who adapted his style to the un- lettered as well as to the learned hearer, by giving the common as well as the scientific name to such substances and ideas as could not be supposed to be familiar to all classes of his audience. On the second day of the Exhibition, at 4 o'clock, P. M. the Premiums were declared in •he Meeting House. The first premium of glO for fat oxen ivas awarded to Mr. Oliver Starr, of Deerfickl — this animal was six years old and weighed 2333 lbs. — 2d premium ^30, to Lewis Barnard, of Worcester, animal six years old, weighing 225G lbs. To Maj. Jaques, of Charles- town, for his Bull, 1st premium, ^^'0 — 2d do. to Mr. Coolidge, of Watertown. To the owner of a Cow from Salem ^30. Several other fine an- imals were spoken of as richly deserving a pre- mium. For Heifers, the 1st premium was a- warded to Henry Rice, of Marlborough, for one two years old, with a calf six weeks old, weigh- ing 8C 1-4 lbs. — 2d do. to Samuel Brooks, of Brighton. For the best Boar, to .loscph Rice, glO. Mr. Sparks, of Watertown, 2d best, >^o. For four Pigs, to Luke Fiske, g5. To A. Dow p. For a Merino Ram, the first premium was awarded to Gorham Parsons, Esq. — 2d to Gen. Austin. Mr. S. Jaques, of Leicester, received a pre- mium of ^50, for a breed of long wooled Sheep, 6 ewes and 1 lamb. A Ram and two Ewes, re- markable for heavy fleece, fine wool, k,z. were exhibited by Hon. T. H. Perkins, though not for premium. The committee, however, are of opinion, that he ought to be presented with the Society's gold medal. Twelve yoke of Working Cattle were enter- ed. The 1st premium, jpSO, was given to Lu- ther Whiting, of Sutton— 2d do. f 25, to Peter Dudley, of Sutton. Several other premiums were divided among people Irom that town. Among the Inventions was a cast iron roller, by Aaron Willard. A Vertical Family Spinner, which has been for some time in use in Rhode Island, was well spoken of for its labor saving qualities. Of Manufactures, the 1st premium of $30, for Broadcloths, was awarded to James Shepherd &. Co. of Northampton— 2d do. g20, to Wolcott Woollen Manufactory — 2d do. on Cassimeres to Shepherd ic Co. To George Johnson, Salem, for a quantity of American Duck, ^10. There were only three premiums awarded at the Ploughing Match, viz. to J.Cook, of Brook- line, 1st premium ^20 — to J. Curtis, Roxbury, 2d do. $12 — To Stedman Williams, Roxbury, ffS. The work was done in from 22 to 46 minutes, making 18 to 20 furrows. The above is but a hasty sketch of the pro- ceedings on this occasion, and is partly the re- sult of personal observation, and in part abridg- ed from the Boston Daily Advertiser. We hope it will allay, if not gratify, public curiosity, till the official account is receivedi Ojr SAVI.VC AND M^UflSG THE MOST OF MANIRE. {Conlinutd from page 63.) In our preceding observations under this head, we took a concise view of the controversy existing among agricultural writers as well as practical farmers relative to long and short, fermented and unfermented manure, and mentioned the names and opinions of some eminent writers, who had taken opposite sides of the question. ^Ve likewise attempted to shew that the disputants were not, in our opinion, exactly right, nor altogether wrong — That in certain soils and for certain crops, long manure, which had undergone hut a slight and incipi- ent fermentation, was to be preferred — but when used for white crops, and indeed any crops which cannot conveniently be hoed or weeded, or probably when applied to soils containing acids or some principles which would prevent fermentation, and stop the pro- gress of putrescence and dissolution, it must be well rotted. Rotting manure, however, in a baru-yard or in any situation in which its volatile and liquid products es- cape into the atmosphere, or soak into ground not de- signed to support vegetation, is very slovenly and wasteful, and always to be avoided if possible. The steam, effluvia, or gas which is suffered to escape from fermenting manure, is not only almost altogether lost to useful vegetation, but, what is still worse, fills the atmosphere with particles injurious to health, and often destructive to life. The evaporations from a manure yard rob the farmer of a part of his sub.stance, starve his crops, and it is well if they do not moreover poison him and his family by their contaminating influence. Some farmers' barn-yards, hog-pens, and other recep- tacles of manure are very offensive, and if they do not generate typhus fever in its worst form, which wc fear is frequently the case, they at least cause a degree a languor and debility which embitters existence, and ii a grt at measure disqualifies for any of the useful pur poses of life. It is a fact that those exhalations, sc injurious to animal life, arc the essence of vegetable life, and the volatile substances, which offend out i- senses and injure our health, if arrested in their transit by the hand of skilful industry, may be so modified in the great laboratory of nature as to greet us in the fragrance of a flower, regale us in the plum or nectar- ine, or furnish the stamina of life in substantial viands, composed of materials drawai from the butchers' sh.am- bles. If we are correct in these premises, an important axiom may be deduced, viz. A~o pulrtfaclire proctss ought to be suffered to proceed on a farmers' premises lothout his adopting some mode to save, as far as pos-' sible, the gaseous products nf svch putrescence. These gaseous products constitute important elements of vegetable food, and a farmer may as well permit liis cattle to stray from his stall, or his swine from his styej without a possibility of reclaiming them, as suffer the principles of fertility, expelled by fermentation and putrefaction, to escape into the atmosphere for the purpose of poisoning the air, instead of feeding his plants. It is very easy to arrest these particles. A quantity of (arth applied to, or thrown over the natter in which fermentation is going on, will check its vio- lence, and secure its gaseous products, which will be imbibed by the soil and afterwards yielded to plants in such proportion as the wants of vegetation may require. " Fermentation," says an able writer, " that great destroyer of all organic contbrmation, is not to be feared by the farmer, if it be conducted and carried on in the presence of earth, which fixes and secures the gases as fast as they are liberated. Even the degree of the pro- cess is a matter of less consequence ; because if the elementary principles are in keeping, and reserved for future usefulness, it is immaterial whether this has happened by a new absorption, or by still holding th(:ir original and unchanged form. In his composite hill [compost heap] the whole animal or vegetable struc- ture may be dissolved, and leave behind no trace of existence, without the least waste of the principh s of fertility ; because the ingredients superadded to the dung have become surcharged with them, or to speak philosophically, fully saturated. 'We may go farther and state, that complete decomposition is desirable in this case, %vhich is so much to he avoided in' the farm yard ; because putrescent matter can only become vegetable food by its resolution into primary parts, and if this be effected by any preparatory step, the young crop receives the full and instantaneous benefit. The compost manure is carried to the field ready to give out its richness on the very first call, and to supply the' nascent radicle [young root] with a copious share of nourishment. " The putrefactive process may be carried on in the presence of pure earth only, or of earth intermingled with fibrous roots, or lastly, in the presence of peat, which is an assemblage of inert vegetable matter; and compost dunghills may be formed according to this threefold method. " The simplest of all composts is a mixture of barn yaid dung, and surface mould taken from a field under regular culture. The proportions between the ingredi- ents are fixed by no determinate laws, and consequent- ly great liberty is allowable to the operator. I have known some instances where two cart loads of dung were used for one of earth ; others, where they were blend- ed in equal quantities ; and it is not infrequent to com- pound two of earth with one of dung. In fact, such is the uncertainty in the composition, that almost every farmer adopts a mode peculiar to himself, and with equal success. No man need therefore follow implicity the rules which are laid down in this department of rural economy, but may vary and multiply his experi. mi nts, according to the suggestions of fancy or the dic- tates of convenience. If we slightly glance at the prin- ciple, wc shall see the cause of this seemingly endless variety in the combiuatioiis qI Uie ingredients. Th« NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 87 inly use of intermixing the soil with the dung is to im- libe the gaseous elements of vegtable life, and hindrr heir dissipation. If there be mncl\ soil, these elements fill be dilfused through it with less density and com- iression ; if little, it will be more iibun-ent to disagree, and think differently from your friend williuut quarelling with him. To be very subtle and scrupulous in business is as hurtful as to be over confident and secure. To hazard much in order to get much, savors more of avarice than of wisdom. There is no character in society more to be pitied, as well as despised, than the idler. He is not only irk- some to himself, but he hinders the industry of others. 13i?hop Taylor once said to a lady who neglected the education o( her son, on the plea that he was too young to he confined to study, " Madam, if yon don't fill your son's head with something the devil will." Happiness ever flies away fastest when most eagerly pursued, and no galley slaves labor harder than those who di!Votc their lives to the pursuits of pleasure. He who has the character of a crafly and tricking man, is entirely depri\ed of a principal instrument ol business, and will find nothing succeed to his wish. Though the life of man be short of a hundred years lie gives himself as much pains and anxiety as if he were to live a thousand. The celebrated Dr. Cotton Mather, as a precaution against the calamity of tedious visitors, wrote over the door of his studv in large letters, be short^ From Relf's Philadelphia Gazette. THE S-tLUTINO BOK.VET. Mr. Relj — I can give no better name than the above to some of the t'ashionable Leghorns which are now worn by the ladies. The front brim is so constructed and protruded, that the motion of the lady's walk keeps it in a perpetu- al noilding action; and ! defy any person, w.th the same eye-sight 1 possess to ascertain across the street, whether the ladies mean that you should tiAich your lint in return. 1 have com- mitted several mistakes in this wrty ; and have, afterwards found, to my no small chagrin, that it was not the lady, but the lady's bonuet, that was so familiarly nodd'ng to me across the street. It was only yesterday morning as I was coming down Chesnut street I was thus nodded to by three ladies on the other side. It was so very familiar, that I could not with any pretensions; to gallantry avoid crossing, when lo ! to my utter t contusion the ladies were perfect strangers td me! — Asking pardon, I made a clumsy congee, i and proceeded on my walk. This head attire might lead to some unpleasant effects, or mis- understandings. Yours, A Middle Aged Beau. A Clinchep.. — This term is frequently used, but its origin is not generally known. It is thus gi^ en by an English magazine. Two journey- men mechanics were one day contending- for siijieriority in the art of invention, and at length laid a wager which of them cotild coin the greatest lie. When the stakes were deposited, he that was to begin declared that one moon- light night he threw a ten-penny nail with such force that it went quite through the body of th( lunar orb. which was then at its lull. '' That's true," said his opponent, " for 1 was on tht other side at the very moment, and with m^. claw hammer 1 clinched the nail." The lasj fellow was adjudged the prize, and from tha time every outrageous falsehood has been term cd a clinchef. - i New Pkdestkiamsm. — An idle disorderly fel low at an inn, having proposed to walk for ; wager, " you had better," said the landlord "• walk about your business." Turkish Logic. — A young man desperately ii love with a girl of Stanchio, early sought t marrv her, but his proposals were rejected, li consequence, he destroyed himself by poison.— The Turkish police arrested the father of th' obdurate fair, and tried him for ctilpablo homi cide. If the accused (argued they with becom ing gravity) had not had a daughter, the deceas ed would not have fallen in love, consequenfl; he would not have been disappointed, conse quently he would not have swallowed poisoEi consequently he would not have died ; buth' (the accused) had a daughter, and the decease j had fallen in love, &c. Upon all these counts h 'I was called ujion lo pay the price of the younjj man's life; and this being tixed at eighty pias; tres, was accordingly exacted. It was said that the pope advised Petrarch t| marry Laura — but that the poet refused becaus he feared that the familiarity of marriage wool extinguish his passion. A blunt pcr.son on rear ing tlie anecdote observed, '• there is a fool wh ' won't eat his diQucr. lest he should lose his a[ petite " NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published everj' ?>atur(!ay, by THOM \^ W. SHKPARIJ, Kopi\^^ fJiiil ii.i^, (.'oiiguss Str. tl, Enttou ; at j^^.OO ptr ann. ill aii \ Ml)*! . ..J ■■ .'..\l\f at til' Vol. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY. OCTOBCK 19. 1822. No. 12. ^t a rei^ular mteliivi of the Sociely uf MuUlkacx Hus- bandmen and .^Iiinuftidnrfrs, holdrn nl DarruWs Hold, in Concord, on liie 2d day of Oct. A. D. 1822, VOTED— That David Lawrexce, John Keyes and Nathan Crooks, Esq'rs. be a Committee to present the thanks of the Soci. ty to THOMAS G. FESSKNDEN, Esa. for his excelUnt and usiful Address delivered before the Socictj' this day, and to request that the same may be published iu the New England Farmer for the use of the Society. Extract from the records of the Society. N. BROOKS, Recordini; Secretary, ^Ir. President, and Gentlemen Trustees of the Siicictt/ of. 'Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers, Having had but short notice to prepare tor the present occasion, and a variety of other avoca- tions presentinsr imperious claims to my atten- tion, I am apprehensive I shall not he able to answer what may be deemed reasonable antici- pations. The embarrassment, caused by these circumstances, is increased by reflecting that the subjects, which it would be proper for me to discuss, are not only of g:reat importance, (Mifc have, heretofore, commanded the exertions and tested the powers of the tirst talents in the United States. I am invited to reap in a field where the harvest has been already g-athered by such laborers as Mr. Madisou, Mr. Pickermg', Mr. (iuincy, Mr. Lowell, and others, who carry a wide swarth, make clean work, and scarcely leave a single straw to be picked up by those ivho are called upon to glean on the s.ime ground. Still, althoujjh my toils may produce but a pittance, they will, at least, serve as indi- cations of good will towards the cause of Agri- culture and the Useful Arts ; and we kno«' that the widow's mite was as acceptable as if it had been the largess of an Emperor, or the revenue of a kingdom. The pursuits of agriculture have been held in the highest estunation among the wisest and most powerful nations. Indeed to neglect that art would indicate a want of wisdom, and the consequence of such neglect would be a want of power. Where husbandry excites but little attention, there can be hut little worth attend- ing to. The couveuiences and comforts of life must be unknown ; and even its necessaries — its indispensables, must have a flucluatiiig and pre car;0us existence. Distress waits on improvi dence ; w ant treads on the heels of indolence ; diseiise and death close the ghastly procession. Thus famine was iretpient among the aboriginal tribes of New England, and together with pesti- lence, its usual concomitant, desolated the land, and left largo tracts of country without an in- habitant to impede the settlement of the pil- grims. The natives of this country owed those calamities, and at length their utter extinction. to their ignorance of agriculture, and want of acquaintance with those arts which give sub- sistence, and minister comfort to civilized man. Had the poor Indians been Husbandmen and Manufacturers, this part of the continent v. ould have been still possessed by its primitive inhab- itants. Should we neglect the arts, and (lay no attention to the pursuits of the IlusbaQdoian and Maiuifacturcr. we loo must cease to be a nation ; and our country will be occupied by a stronger, because a wiser people, to whom superior knowledge in Agriculture and Useful Arts has given sujierior power. The United Stales will then exist only in story, arid occupy only a few pages in the annals of alien possessors of this goodly heritage of our fathers. | Important as Agriculture is. Manufactures c:ui hardly be deemed of less consequence. They must advance hand in hand, or they will both go backward. United they sland^dividod they fall. They are the Urim and Thumni m of n;i- tion.ll greatness, as well as the Alpha ami Ome- ga of individual [irosperity. To talk of any clashing in their interests is to speak of ho-lilily between the right and the left hand of the same individual. If oue is sick, the other will faint. If one perishes, the other must soon be annihi- lated. .Agriculture without iManuiactures would give us farmers without tools, and Manufictures without Agriculture would produce mechanics without bread. Adam could not have dressed the garden of Eden without first becoming a mechauic, or being furnished with the necessary implements of husbandry by the Almighty Ar- rizAN, who exiiibits the Universe as a sample oi his Manufactures. Since, then, not only our prosperity, but even our national existence depends on the successful pursuits of Agriculture and Manufactures, what can we do to promote them ? This is a question of as great importance as any thing of a finite niiiure, which can possibly call for the exercise of the licst intellectual powers and faculties giv- en to man by his Creator. To state all v.luch shouKI he done would require a complete and very voluminous Cyclojiedia. I shall therei'ore confine myself to some remarks relative to whai ()w^7« nrjt to he oinitud, if we wish agriculture tc acquire and maintain that strength and stabilit\ winch should be attributes of the principal pil- lar ol' public and private prosperity. As res- jiects manul'actures, I shall have but little fur iher to observe ; lest, peradventure, 1 shotiM have more threads to my discourse than m. sia[de will warrant — more irons in the fire than I can handle to advantage. In order that agriculture may prosper, I. Its pursuit must bo considered as honorable. II. It must be made jirolitable. III. It must be conducted with skill as well as with industry. The pursuits of agriculture, are, probably, rising in public estimation. Still we do uoi believe they have yet risen to their proper elevation. That a further ascent may be el fected, agriculture must continue to commaui the attention and patronage of men of wealth, of talents, of reputation, and of high olficial character. Persons who have it in their power to mould the manners and excite and direct th: industry of mankind should not consider them selves as too great to be useful, and should throw the weight of their precepts, examplL and inlluence into the scale of agriculture — they should employ their heads if not their hands, their money if not their personal labor, in promoting an art, which, if neglected, would place them as well as ilieir inferiors on a level with savages. The}' have great examples to serve as ))recedents. The Emperor of China does not think that it derogates from his dignity to act the part of a ploughman. Tlie great Czar of Kussia did not disdain to labnr as a me- chanic. Some of the principal noblemen in (rreat Britain are proud of being farmers ; and many of them have added to their wealth, and gained distinctions more honorable than those of birth or title, by being authors of mechanical inventions and improvements. Washington like- wise was a farmer, who gloried in his occupa- tion. Yet among savages and dandies, and fools who are anxious to figure in high life, without manners or means, without wil, wealth or wis- dom, contrary to the decrees of nature and the habits of nurture, rural occupations are thought degrading; and to cultivalc the ground is con- sidered as the bitterest punishment of poverty, or the liist shift of unsuccessful knavery. The following is a vivid, and probably faith- ul picture of that kind of pride which causes some aspiring characters " Downwards to soar, and backwards to advance." It was taken from .real life, as it exists, or lately existed in a neighboring Province. It is not a caricature, not was it meant to bo a likeness of any thing belongit.e^ to New England. If, then, any persons to whom we now take the liberty to exhibit if, should happen to perceive nny -imilitudo to their own ieiaures, or those of their friends, they may congratulate themselves on the rer^eniblance, but may be assured that it is entirely accidental. " When any of the farmers of Nova Scotia were so successful as to amass a little wealth, they were sure to escape from the plough and betake themselves to some other pursuit. The keeper of a tippling-house, the retailer of rum, ^ugar and tea, the travelling chapman, the con- stable of the district, were far more important personages, both in their own estimation and ihat of the public, than the farmer who culti- vated his own lands. The farmer was thought to be of the lowest caste in society, and gave .ilace to others, who, according to the Europe- an standard of rank and consequence, arc con- fessedly his inferiors. This sense of degrada- iion was perceptible among husbandmen them- selves. Such of them as were under the ne- cessity of working set about it wi'.h reluctance, and always under a mortifying sense of shame. They would blush to bo caught at the plough b\ their genteeler acquaintance, as much as it surprised in the commission of crime ; and if ihev saw them approaching, many of them would skulk from the field, and plunge into the neighboring thicket. The children were easily .niected w.lh this humbling sense of inferiority i and the labors of the tarm were to the young men objects of aversion, as those of the dairy were to the young women. Hence the family were brought up with habits and feelings, in- consistent with their stations in life ; and that respcctalde class of men, known in England, as the ancient yeomanry of the country, wiio were the owners and cultivators of their oivn lands, 90 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. had DO footing; hi the Province. The profes- sion of the farmer vv;ls considereil as aliject, low and debasinjr. The daujiiter of a t'armcr, l}ie least above povcrlv. demeaned herself by milk- in'^ a cniv. The sons, again, made lil'le other «3e a*" tlie horses than to ride to cluirch or mar- ket, and instead of being accustomed to i)lo«2fh- ing, drilling', reaping:, composting, and such like operations, they croudeti to the capitol, as clerks and shop-ljoys, and many of them turned smugglers. The plough was far from being accounted honorable, and the handling of it was deemed an act of self abasement." Thus it is with mankind, the most preposter- ous of all beings. They glory in tht-ir shame, and are ashamed of their glory I We hope that the portraits we have exhibited, have no fac similes in the Uniteil States. Tiiat the olT-ipring of New England I'armers do not consider them- selves as degraded by attention to the useful and honorable occupations of agriculture and rural economy. We have, however, seen the time when certain of the fair daughters of Co- lumbia, were apparently more solicitous to inuke line llgures in a ball room than fine cheeses in a dairy room — would rathfr make pound cake for a tea party tlian an Iiulian pud- ding for a family dinner — would prefer spend- ing the day in reading romances, visiting and receiving the visits of idle acijuainlance to reg- ulating iiie economy of the kitchen or pantry, mending or making their own apjiarel or that of their fathers or brethren. In siinrt there once existed a sort of females, (now eillier ex- tinct or out oi' I'ashion) wlio pured over nonsen- sical novels till they became *"o genteel, so in- dolent, so delicate, so romantic, so sentimental, so susceptible of every thing that is inexpressi- hly tender and o.i.'iuisite beyond all conception — so very like the Cecilias, the Evelinas, the Docasinas and Cherubinas, whom they made their models, that they were as useless as but- torllies, though as proud as peacocks ! They considered themselves as too nice for the cares and duties of life ; and if one of them was over- persuaded to marry a country suiter who culti- vated the ground, she considered herself as no hotter matched than was the unlucky parrot in the fable, who formed a connubial union with an owl ! i hope the ladies will pardon this sketch, when assured that there are probably none of this species of fallen angels now in be- ing, at least in this part of creation. Time has hecn, also, when certain young men were so much superior to the Emperor of China, that they had rather tend a tavern bar than follow a hrcakin^-up plough — would prefer figuring as dandy sliop-boys with a ho|)eful prospect of being duly qualified for becoming broken mer- rlianls, to living respected and respectable, as hard}', independent, stout-bodied, strong minded yeomen, pillars of freedom, and capital columns in the social fabric. We sjieak oi' these things, however, merely by way of reminiscence — wor- thy to be noted among the memorabilia of for- mer ages. Already, the wise jind the worthy h;i\ e set their faces against the ridiculous and pernicious pritle to which we have adverted, and every good patriot stigmatizes such effem- inacy, such meanness of spirit, such littleness of mind peeping I'lom benetith the veil of pseudo- gentility, with his most pointed reprobation. This kind of fals' pride ntiy now be numbered with the anti(iuated and exploded follies of the hoop-pctficoats and full bottomr;ense, however, is of more consequence to the cultivator than any, or indeed than all the other before mentioned qualifications, ."sci- ence without good sense will be apt to till a man's head with visionary schemes, and urge him on to ruinous projects. Such a person will be liable to form an attachment to erroneous theories and injurious processes, merely be- cause he can give what he calls good reasons for being wrong; and will ruin himself by rule, according to sound maxims laid down by good authors — not because the maxims are incorrect, but because our gentleman-farmer, with every kind of sense hut common sense, abounding in that kind of knowledge which profiteth nothing, whose light of intellect is like that of a jack a' lantern, glimmering to betray, misapplies hi* rules to cases for which they never were de- signed, and to which they are altogether inap- plicable. Good sense without science is prefer- able to science without good sense, but fli# ' union of both is necessary in order to produce the bc'i ed'ect of cither. .•\s science without good sense will sometimes lead into great errors, so industry without skill is not only of little avail, but often injurious. A man may work hard, but if he does not •• work it right,-' he may as well fold his hands with the sluggard and give care to the wind as go to bed with the whip-poor-will, rise ^vith the lark, and toil with the emmet. It maj' be asked, in ivhat does this skill, which 1^ the essence of farming, consist? To answer this question would be to give a complete trea- tise on agriculture and rural economy. By at- tempting to do this, I should at once exhaust your ])atienco, and betray my own incapacity. But lest you should think that 1 am stepping altogether out of my sphere in attempting to address experienced cultivators on subjects of this kind, I beg leave to premise that I had the honor to be bred a farmer, and wrought on and superintended a farm till about twenty years of age. Since that period 1 have never lost sight i>f my original occupation, but have attempted to add to my knowledge, derived from experi- ence, by reading, observation, and conversation with practical farmers, on subjects counectcd with their profession. By undertaking to survey the whole field of agriculture 1 should not only be lost in its im- mensity, but, by running over more ground than 1 can cultivate, be guilty of an error which has often been censured in my practical brethren. 1 shall, therefore, for the remainder of this iddress, confine myself to some remarks on SOIL, a knowledge of which may be said (with- out a pun) to compose the ground work of agri- cultural improvement. " Let every planter, with discretion meci. The force aiul genius oi each soil explore, To what adapted, what it shuns averse ; AVithont this necessary care, in vaiu He hopes au ample harvwt." ■ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. 91 There are but four kinds of earth which con- stitute the globe. These are Clay, Sand, Lime and Magnesia. Lime and magnesia are so far similar in their properties, that lor my purpose, it may not be necessary to treat of them separ- ately. Stones are composed of these earths in a concrete and hardened state. Gravel is either aluminous (or clayey^ gravel, silicious (or sandy) gravel, calcareous (or limy) gravel, or a mix- ture of two or more of these. Loam and marl, likewise, are composed of different proportions of these two or three sorts of earth. Clay, sand and lime, together with vegetable and animal remains, and comparatively minute quantities ol salts and acids compose the vast varieties of soils which are denominated good, bad, wet. dry, cold, warm, light, heavy, rich, poor, bar- ren, fertile, &c. Sic. Every soil is more or less utal)le and unequivocal can he pro- duced to corroborate them. The author of Letters of Agricola says, '■'■ It is fact that lime is indispensable to the production of superior wheat crops. The rye lands of Herefordshire, which were reported by Dr. Beale in the year lG3l3, as incapable of producing wheal, have been so much fertilized by the subsequent in- troduction of this fossil manure as to be suc- cessfully applied to the growth of that and eve- ry other grain. This and similar effects may be referable m part to the subserviency of this which it may be accomjilished, ivithout having recourse to costly materials or implements of analysis. '■ In the field to be examined, take earth a little be- low the surface from four separate places, about one tburth rjf a pound, avoirdupois, from each. Kxpose it to the sun, or before the tire, till it is complttely dry ; and turn it over frequently that it may be well mixed togethiT. Krom the heap take exactly four ounces, and pass this through a fine sieve, whicli will allow all panicles of sand and gravel to escape, but which will hold back stones, small fibrous roots, and decayed wood. Weigh the two parts separately, and take a note of each. I'he stones and other bulky materials are then to be examined apart from the roots and wood. If they are hard and rough to the touch, and scratch glass easily, they are silicious or flinty ; if they are without much ditficulty broken to pieces by the fingers, and can be scraped by a knife to powder, they are alu- minous or clayey ; or if when put in a wine glass and common \iiiegar poured upon them, small air bubbles asc< nd to the fop of the liquid, they are calcareous, i he findy divided matter which ran through the sieve, must next undergo the test of experiment. After being weighed, agitate tiie whole in water, till the earth be taken up from the bottom, and mechanically suspend- ed, adding water till this efi'ect be produced. Allow the mass then to settle for two or three minutes, and in that time the sandy particles shall have all sunk to the bottom. I'our off the water, which will then contain the clay in sus]iension, and the insoluble earth arising from animal and vegetable decomposition. T he sand should first be attended to, and if from inspection, it be tliouglit * ither silicious or calcareous in its nature the requisite tests may be instantly applied. By this lime the niixturi' will have deposited at the bottom of the vessel th:- clay, and other earths, with the insoluble aninial and v(g< table matter. After pouring off the water, diy thi seiliment, and apply a strong heat by placing it on the bottom of a pot, ignited to redness, [heated red hot,] and the animal and vegetable matter will burn, and lly off in aeriform products. The re- mainder, lying in the bottom, will be found to consist of clay, magnesia or lime. To obtain accuracy, anoth- er one fourth [lound of earth should be taken from the same heap, and th*- whole process gone over a second, a third, and even a fourth time, Uiat the operator mav rectil'y anyjplunders he had previously committed, and be satisfiecHis to the results of his experiment. He should provide himself with a pair of fine scales and a set of weights, divided at least into ounces and drachms. Although vinegar will defect lime by effervescence, it does not dissolve it so eiTectually as the nitric or muri- atic acid, [aqua forfis, or spiiits of sea salt] small quan- tities of which may be procured from tlio druggists at no great expense," earth to the more perfect formation of the veg- etable structure ; for we know that birds, if confined to a cage, will lay eggs with soft shells So wheat may labor under some antilogous im- perfection, unless the carbonate of lime cotncs within reach of its roots." 1 might multiply authorities on this subject, but shall content myself with one more quota- tion from •• Anderson's Recreations,"' a work held in high estimation in Kurope. " 1 had." says Dr. Andeiv:on, "a litdd of good arable land, a mellow loam iu Aberdeenshire, which had been long in culture, often dressed with animal and vegetable manure*, aud was of course eudoived with a considerable degree of fertility; but being full of weeds it was subject- ed to a thorough summer fallow in order to get rid of these aud bring it to proper tilth in other respects ; aud as lime is tuund to be an active manure in that district, it had a moderate dres.s- mg of lime put upon it, and some dung at the same time. The whole field was sown with ivheat at the proper season, which sprang up equally thick on every part of it. For some time no diflcrence was perceivable in the . ap- pearance of the crop over the whole ; but b^- and bye, it was observed that the wheat on a small jiortion of the field, which by accident had not had any lime put upon it, became pale and sickly. ^^ bile the crop in other parts of the field advanced luxuriantly, it dwindled in this particular (lalch more and more, till towards the beginning of May, t-ie whole had died quite out, and not one stalk of wheat was to be found upon it, though the weeds inconsequence of the rich- ness of the soil at that time grew there with extreme luxuriance. Perhaps the proportion of calcareous matter did not. in this case amount to more than one thousandth part of the whole, vet the qualities of the soil were thereby total- ly altered, insomuch that though before the ap- l)l:calion of that dressing, the soil was incapable of producing wheat at all, it was found at all times after that period well adapted for the rais- ing of this crop. Nature has formed many soils with a similar proportion of calcareous matter, blended imperceptibly in them, over large dis- tricts of land.""* By this article it appears that small quantities of lime will proJuce a permanently beneficial effect, if a|)plied to land which is destitute of that kind of earth. A quantify equal to one thousandth part of the whole mould Within reach of the roots of the plants commonly cultivated would not be a dear dressing even in Massa- chusetts, where lime is not remarkably cheap nor very jilenty, yet that small quantity was found by Dr. Anderson, to be suflicient to eflect a permanent change in the constitution of a certain soil, and enable it to produce good wheat, although previous to its application it would not ripen a single stalk. Larger quantities, how- ever, would probably be beneficial. English farmers apjily from tiU to 4(.iU bushels of lime to an acre, as it measures when Iresh from the kiln. It may perhaps be asked, why new huids, or lands recently cleared from their native woods will at first jiroduce good crops of wheat, but alter having been cropped for a series of years, although made rich with manure, will lose the faculty of producing that vegetable ? To this j * Anderson's Recreations, Vol. 1. p. 16. '92 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. it may be answered that, pprliaps, the soil oria:i- nally contained small quantilics of lim?, which became cxhau'^teil by tillage, ami per]ia[)« the ashe?, which wore left on the land m liurning the timhcr. for clearinsr it, might t'urnish a sub- stitute tor lime, by yielding potash, a sub-tance in many respects analogous to the alkaline earths. I do not, however, mean to assert positively that MassachiFsetts can be made a wheat coun- try merely by the use of lime as manure for wheat. Perhaps rust, or mildew, (for which by the way it is believed salt is an eliicient re- medy,) may prevent its being cultivated to ad- vantage. It is possible likewise tliat the Hessian fly may destroy it, though, 1 am told that there are remedies a;.rainst the ravages of that insect. and that some kinds of wheat are not liable to be iniurcd by it. Rut I am very confident that wheal cannot be raised to advantage on most ol " the old lands of New England ■without the appli- cation of lime to the soil. \Vhether it can be profitably raised ii:il!i such application can only be ascertained by actual and repeated ex[)eri- mcnts. It is not in wheat crops alone that lime is founil eminently useful. It is observed b} Sir .lohn .'Sinclair that " By lime spread upon a moorv "ud, <^ood herbajo is produced where no- thibe; but heath and unpalatable grasses were before. By the same means grass-land, instead of yielding nothing but bent, and other inferior gra.sses, have been covered with those of a moi'e valuable description. The utility of lima to tuniips is so great, that though in the same field where no lime had been ai>plied the crop died away ; yet in the limed part, the turni|)s flourish- ed with unabated vigour. The same writer mentions lands, in which manure previous to liming had no sensible effect ; but after liming operated as on other lands. A very great advantage in the use of lime consists in its tendency to pulverize, and make mellow strong clayey lands. That quality alone, by the saving of labour, and the more perfect division of the particles of the soil renders lime of very great value for hard lands. Quicklime, in powder, and probably lime water, applied by an apparatus similar to that made use of lor watering dry and dusty streets woubl, undoubt- edly he an elTectual aiilidote against worms and other insects, which of late years appear to gain gronnd upon us in New England. And even when perfectly slack and efTete, if laid about the roots of the apple trees it is said to preserve them against the canker worm. Lime should be laid on the surface and intimately mixed w itli the soil, ior this purpose it is best slacked, and brought to a very fine dust, and the land should be made very mellow. It sliould be hot from the kiln when it is wished to dissolve peaty or woody substances. But in most other cases it is not material whether it is used as quick lime, air slacked, or pounded lime stone. Quick lime should not be applied to growing plants, as it will cause iliem to turn yellow, and if dissojved in water will kill grass if poured upon it. But quick lime applied to the naked ground soon becomes mild, and of course will not injure seeds sown some little time alter its application, nor the young plants which such seeds may produce.* Too much lime is, in all cases, per- * The application of lime is matter neither of myste- ry nor of deep philosopliical research. If the necessary nicious, and any quantity, great or small, is use- less in exhausted land, unless it is accompanied or succeeded by other substances which will furnish food for vegetation. If lime be so eminently useful and even in- disi)onsable in certain soils, and for the produc- tion of some of our most valuable cro|)s, and more especially if its want ainne prevents New England from being a wheat country, its value I believe has not. generally, been properly ap- preciated by New England Farmers. No .Ame- rican writer on agriculture, so far as I can learn, considers lime as a necessary constituent of every productive soil. It is mentioned as useful, but not as absolutely necessary for the production of any particular kinds of vegetables. And they do not appear to have known or re- flected that •■ all soils are improved by mild lime, and ultimately by quick lime, which do not eflervescc with acids ;""* that is. that have not lime already as one of their constituent parts. What 1 have said of lime, will, in most in- stances, apply to sea sand, shells, either of fresh or salt water origin, or marl ; likewise in a de- gree to leached ashes, or any other substance, composed in part of calcareous matter. All these ha\e more or less the properties of mild lime, and therefore may well be made its sub- stitute. But I fear that my respected audience are, by this time, convinced that quick lime is a drti subject ; and tliough I hope its di.scussion may prove profitable to many, yet as there can be no particular pleasure in handling it, I will no longer detain my hearers from the avocations of the daj', and the amusements of the Farmers' Festival and the Mamifacturers' Holidaj'. quantily be given to land, and properly mixed with the -soil, it is a things of much loss moment than we are apt to imHg:ine wlicther it be applied in its canstic or mild state, and for this reason that there is a natural pro- gression from one to the other, and in the end it is sure to be saturated with its full measure of carbonic acid. Letters of ^igrkula. * Sir Humphrey Davy's Agricultural Chemi^fiy- ©AtiTiiii wmmwB^ We should be glad to give parlicular, minute and ollicial accounts of the " Husbandman's Holidays," throughout the United States, if our limits would per- mit. But, to publish them at length, as they arc given in the newspapers of the district in which they have taken place, would be to devote the whole of our pa- per for several weeks to details which are already in possession of many of our readers. We shall, there- fore, give an abridged notice of each exhibition of wliich an account has reached as, and should we omit any thing of much importance, either as alfording pre- cepts or examples to our agricultural readers, we should be happy, hereafter, to give such supplementary notices as any of our correspondents may suggest asi expedient. CHESHIRE, {\. H.) CATTLE SHOW. At Acworth, on the 2d day of O^obcr inst. in pursuance of previous notice, was held the annual meeting of the Cheshire Agricultural So- ciety, and tinder its superintendence, the annual Exhibition of Stock and Domestic Manufactures, for the County of Cheshire. — The day was fa- vorable. The occasion called together a nu- merous collection of the substuutial citizens of 'he County. At an early hour the '^tock enter- ed lor premiums was arranged in the pons, and the .Manufactures deposited in a room provided for their reception. The Society convened at 9. — The examin- ing committees attended to their duties from 10 to 12. The drawing match under the- direc- ion of the committee for awarding premiums on working oxen, was attended at eleven. The dis|ilay of the poiver of the ox which this trial of strength elicited was witnessed with much sat- isfaction. The pairs to which the first and sec- ond premiums were awarded, their age and size considered, were decidedly superior to any on the ground. At 12 o'clock a procession was formed at the house of Mr. Keyes which under the direction of the marshals of the day, Mr. Warner and Mr. Gove, moved to the meeting-house. The servi- ces were commenced by a prayer from the Rev Mr. Cooke. An instructive and highly interest- ing Address ad.tpted to the occasion, was deliv- ered by the Hon. S. Hale. This address will probably be given to the public ; an analj'sis of it will not therefore be attempted. The pro- minent subjects were the prejudices, existing against Agricultural Societies — a refutation of the objections w hich have been urged — remarks upon the policy of draining lands — upon the mode of increasing and applying manures, &c. — The reports of the committees on manufactures and on working oxen were then read by H. Hub- bard, Esq, and the remaining reports of the com- mittees at the house of .Air. Keyes, alter the re- turn of the procession. The services of the day were very pleasantly concluded by a liberal and well provided dinner. The following reports were received from the Awarding Committees. On Working Oxen. The committee consisting of Col. David Par- ker of Charlestown, Chairman, Samuel Russell, ofSwanzey and BIr. Joel Goss, of Claremount, awarded — To Ijemucl Towne of Stoddard for the best pair of working oxen, the first premium on oxen be- tween 4 and 8 years old (TG To Bemzla Cram of L'nity for the 2d do. the 2d pre- juiiim, A To Samuel Clark of Acworth, for the next best do. 2 The committee noticed a number of other pairs presented as being very fine cattle, partic- ularly a pair exhibited by John Kobbins of .\ls- tead, which were brought on to the ground too late to be entered. They expressed their be- lief, that but for this omission Mr. Bobbins would have been entitled to one of the premiums of- fered by the Society, and recommended that he receive a premium of one dollar out of the fund reserved to be approi)riated at the discretion of the Executive committee. The recommenda- tion was complied with. On Steers and Heij'crs. The Committee consisting of Isaac Hubbard of Claremont, Chairman, Aaron Hodskins, Esq. of Walpole, and Mr. Thos. Whipple of Charles- town, adjudged — To Royal ilounceval, of Unity, for the best pair of steers the Ist premium on steers 4 To James Dickey of Acworth, for the next best do. the 2d preminm 2 To Samuel Tutherly of Unity for the best heifer, the first premium on heifers 4 To Aaron Dean, of Charlestown, for the next best do. the 2d premium 2 In addition to those above to which premiums NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 93 vere awarded, the committee luvorably noticed ; line pa.rs of three year old, and 2 pairs of one ear old steers, presented by Mr. Frederic itebbins of Acworth, and also several yoke of teers presented by Nathaniel Grout of Acworth, mil Mr. Stephen Gliddon of Unity — also a line ii •c ir old heifer by Mr. Charles Bovvcn of Jharlestown, and 2 two years old, and a year- iug heifer, by Mr. Aarou Dean of Charlestown. Oit Bulb and Coxus. The Committee consisting: of Mr. Roswell Hunt of Charlestown, Chairman, Phillip Sweet- icv. Esq. of Marlborough and Sila* Angier, Esq. ol Keeiie, report — I'liat Aaron Hodsldns of M'a'pole for the best bull, wei»hin» 1211 lbs. at 20 months, is entitled to the first pvemium on bulls 8 That James Bingflwrn of Lempster for the 2d best lo. is entitled to the 2d premium 6 That Timothy lloUlen of Charlestown is entitled to the 3d premium for the nest best do. 4 This committee observed that a bull present- ed by Mr. Malthcwson of Acworth, and one by Daniel Breed of Unity — several young bulls less than a year old, from (he stock of the bull own- ed by Samuel Tutherly of Unity, to which a ])remium was awarded at a previous exhibition, and trom Mr. Walker's bull of Charlestown, merited the particular notice of the society, as being very superior animals, and as indicating an increased attention among our farmers to the improvement of their stock. They awarded no premiums on Cows — none having been enter- ed, in their opinion, deserving. On Sheep and S-^'ine. The Committee consisting of Stephen John- son, Esq. of W'alpole, Chairman, Mr. William Jennison, of \\'alpole and , reported — To Uzzel Hurd of Lempster, the first premium on lioars 4 To Uutus Brio;ham of Acworth for the two best pi»9 3 Tc .\dara Wallace for the next best 2 To .Samuel Findlay of Acworth, the premium for tile best Merino buck 3 To Jcsiah \\ hite of CharlestoT\Ti, for the 4 best Merino ewes 3 0(1 Domestic lVoolle7i Manufactures. The committee consisting of Th. C. Drew, Esq. Chairman, and Martin Butterficld of Wal- pole, and James Bingham, Esq. of Lempster, report — To Mrs. Sally Uhite of Charlesto^ra the first pre- mium on fulled cloth 6 To Samuel I'indlay of Acworth, for the beot piece of flannel the first premium 4 To Abner Chase of Lempster for the next best do. 2 To Samuel Slade of Acworth, for the best pair of woolen blankets 3 To Thomas Whipple of Charlestown, for the best woolen coverlet 2 To Samuel Findlay of Acworth for the best piece of kerseymere 5 The committee recommended a premium of fifty cents to Larissa Miner, of Lempster, for an excellent pair of woollen hose, and remarked that the)' would gladly have assigned a premium to Dudley Lewis, of Marlow, for a pair of cot- ton and woollen coverlets, had any have been offered by the Society upon that article of Man- ufacture. On Cotton and Linen Manufactures, and Straw Bonnets. Mr.A'ryling Lovell of Charlestown, Chairman, James H. Bingham, Esq. of Alstead, and Blr. George H. Ingersoll of Charlestown, the com- mittee, adjudged — To Miss i'e^^y Mc Clure of Acworth, the first pre- mium on Linen 3 To Martha Duncan of .\c worth the 2d do, 2 To .lane Rob of .\cwoith, for the best piece of lin- en diaper, the 1st premium 3 To Lydia Thayer of Acworth, for the next best do. the 2d premium 2 To Selina Parker of FitzwiUiam, for the best grass bonnet, the 1st premium 2 To Nancy Fletcher of Alstead, for the next best do. 1 To Hetsey Kuggles of \\'aIpole, for the 6 best straw bonnets 3 This committee remarked that Miss Peggy Mc'Clure would ha\e been entitled to the 2d premium on linen had the piece she presented contained a sufficient num^le^ of yards. Tiiai various specimens of Imcii ihread were present- ed which were very creditable to the manufac- turers, particularly a bunch by Miss Peggy Mc Clure, and a bunch by Mrs. Slader. A lew articles besides those noticed above, for which no premiums had been oilered, were presented for examination. Among these were an improved plough by Mr. David Farnsworth, of Washington, — and an improved shearing machine by Mr. Parks, of Acworth. — The exe- cutive committee esteemed the improvements valuable and recommended them to the notice of the public. As a whole the exhibition was gratifying to the friends of the institution and creditable to the County. The anticipations of all, so far as they related to the numbers assembled, to the variet)' and quality of the Stock and Manufac- tures exhibited, may with truth be said to have been more than answered. The zeal and inter- est with which all engaged in the business of the da)^ — the very considerable number of fine animals presented — the obvious improvement in the young stock — the taste and ingenuity display- ed ia the Domestic Manufactures, all combined to evince that the Society has exerted a highly beneticial intiucnce upon the agricultural inter- ests of the Count)'. If with the limited patronage it has thus far received it has been productive of so much ben- efit, how much greater may be expected to be derived from it when patronized lo the extent which the intelligence, population and resources of the County would w arrant. For the next anniversary the funds of the Society, it is expected, will justify the offer in premiums of a much larger amount, embracing a greater variety of objects, than was ofiered for the past. If so it is hoped that a correspond- ing competition will lie excited and that the result will be honorable to the Countv of Ches- hire. THOMAS M. EDWARDS, Jbr the publishing Committee. BERKSHIRE CATTLE SHOW. The 12th anniversary of the Berkshire Agri- cultural Society was holden on the 2d and 3d inst. The first day was occupied in the exhi- bition of Cattle, Sheep, Horses, Swine, Domes- tic Manufactures, Agricultural Implements, and in organizing the Committees for awarding premiums. On the second day the exhibition of the Ploughing Match took place in the morning. This ivas succeeded by sacred and literary ex- ercises — a prayer by the Rev. Mr. Humphrey, and " an appropriate, useful and able Address, by Maj. Mc'Kay," which is expected soon to appear in print. The declaration of premiums >vas announced by the first Vice President, Hon. H. W. Dwight, '• preceded by some suitable and elegant com- ments." The Society sat down to an excellent dinner at Capt. Cam])beirs. " The weather was fine, and it is worthy of remark, that in this particular Providence has smiled on this ■ocicty at every anniversary since its formation." ■'• The quantity of domestic manufactures was much increased, and the quality much improved, and such as justly distinguished the Ladies of Berkshire for their ingenuity and industry." The number of animals was not so large, but in quality they were superior to those which have been exhibited at former anniversaries. " The nuitiber and excellence of the Merino Sheep were worthy of particular comment — in which it is believed the Coimty of Berkshire is not exceeded by any other county in the U. States." The following is extracted from the Report of the Committee appointed to award premiums upon Live Animals. " Twelve years only have elapsed since the first exhibition of animals was made in Berk- shire, under the name of a Cattle Show ; since ihat time, it is plain and obvious that our breed of cattle has been much improved ; and the young stock exhibited at this time is much su- perior to the old. " It is a fact well attested, that not more than forty years since, the animals raised in Great Britain were much inferior to those now raised in this country, and that for a century previous, very little improvement had been madg in their beauty and size. About that t;me associations were formed by the most wealthy and respect- able farmers. Cattle Shows were held, and pre- miums given for the best animals offered. The effect produced is obvious to any one, who has examined the Cattle imported from that country. As evidence of the truih of this, we refer you to the two beautiful Heifers of the Devon- shire breed, exhibited by our first Vice-Presi- dent ; and although purchased at what may, by some, be considered a high price, still we pre- sume the speculation may be a profitable one to the enterprising owner. It is extremely desira- ble that the most wealthy and opulent farmers in Berkshire may duly appreciate the advantages Ihat may accrue, not only to themselyes, but to the whole community, from similar exertions. It is within the recollection of many gentlemen in this vicinity, that great improvement was made in our breed of cattle by the introduction of the Cos, or short horned breed. The Sack- et breed, so called, which originated from this stock, are to be prefered to any of the original stock of the country. Although purchasing im- ported cattle may be the most expeditious way to improve our stock, still we do not believe it to be the cheapest way, for we believe the na- tive stock of our countrj' may be made superior to those we now import. This, however, must be a work of time to effect. Is it not for the interest of every farmer to begin this work ? The small farmer can aid in it as well as the large one. Keep no more stock than you can keep well. Select your best Cows to breed from. Take the same pains with respect to the breed on the other side. If you have more calves than you choose to raise, do not kill the largest and best of them, as is generally the practice, because they will bring a t'ew cents more than the others. Nurse your calves care- 94 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. fully durinsf tlio firsl years orpowth. Unless you lav the fijuiidation for efooil rattle tlurinir f'lal time, yon will never obtain tlic object wished for." — Abridged from the PiltuJiclJ Smt. The Plymouth County Jlgricullvral Soclity Held their annual exhiliition at South lli-nljje- Mater, ou the Oth inst. An Address was deliv- ered by Dr. Hector Orr. " Dr. Orr rot'erred to the cirrum^tances in the history of the Old Colony, which had been unfavorable to the due improvement of its agriculture — adverted to some erroneous opinions, and existing defects in their husbandry — and characterized the loose and indolent habits, that originated in most cases the propensity to emigration, by strokes of skil- ful and well merited sarcasm."' " The exhibition of stock was superior to the last year. The i?uils, particularly that which obtained the premium, and one belonging to Gen. Washburn, furnished an assurance of still I'arther improvement. The Manufactures, though lim- ited in (|uaiility and variety, would not in their cpiality dishonor any exhibition in the state. The ladies Llonnet*, made of rye straw, the thread and worsted Hose and the braid hearth rug were noticed and admired. The Cloths from the several Factories were spoken of in terms of commendation. The Ploughing JIatch was engaged in with a zeal and emulation, that proved the Agricultural community had receiv- ed a stimulus from the exertions of the society." Abridged from the Old Col. Memorial. dress by the Hon. Timothy Pitkin, President of the Society, on the objects of the institution. The Society has a Viewing Comm.ttoc, who award premiums for the best cultivated farms. This committee gave favorable reports of tlie farms of Mr. Lemuel Roberts, in Windsor ; Mr. h'redcric Oakes, in \V. Hartford ; Daniel Wads- worlh, Esq. and a Mr. Raphael, of Hartford. The premium for the best cultivated farm, be- ing a silver cup, to the value of ^10, was award- ed to Daniel Wadsworth, Esq. and that of the second best, being a silver cup to the value of g2(J, to Mr. Freder.c Oakes, both of Hartford. The Hartford County Agricultural Socii ly Held their fifth anniversary at the City of Hart- ford, on the 9th and 10th of Oct. The exhibi- tion was superior to any which preceded it. The Bulls, Cows and Working Oxen are spoken of in terms of high commendation in the Con- necticut Courant. Twenty-eight premiums were awarded. With regard to Domestic Manufac- tures, the Courant observes, " Here was a dis- play, which, when compared with that of last year, was flattering to the prospects of the So- ciety. The articles offered for premiums wci'c greater in number, and by far superior in qua- lity, to those offered the last year." Among the specimens are mentioned "• several pieces of blue x^ooUeii clotli, which, though spun, wove and dyed in families, were scarcely inferior to the best factory goods. Mixed cloth, fine flan- nels, carpeting, stockings, hearth rugs, linen diapers and woollen blankets of tine quality were also exhibited." Twenty-four premiums were awarded by the Committee of Manufactures. There was ex- hibited a hat made ol' mole skin, in imitation of Chi/ichilli, which indicated much ingenuity. Also, two cassimere shawls, which were con- fiidered worthy of particular notice, as being the first of the kind offered. These three arti- cles were presented by Miss Susan H. Ilubbarti, of Windsor, and for which the Society awarded her an extra premium. A Stand and Card Ta- ble by Mr. Daniel Dewey ; a Sofa by Messrs. Foster &i Shepherd; beautiful ladies' Combs by Mr. Levi S. Platt ; a fruit piece, jiainted by Mr. Laughfon ; a Threshing Machine, invented by Mr. JamcsGregg. of New Hampshire, arc like- wise mentioned in favorable terms. The public exercises were, a Prayer by the Uev Dr Flint, aud an able and instructive Ad- TO TnF. EDITOR OF THE >EW ENGLAND FARMER. Sir — Being of j'our opinion " that it is the duty of every man possessing any information tending to advance the agricultural interests of his country, to lay such (however inelegantly communicated,) before his fellow citizens," 1 deem it not amiss to send you my opinion, (founded on some experience,) respecting the time most suitable for cutting English Grain, which in New England, as far as my knowledge extends, is permitted to stand in the field two or three weeks later than good husbandry de- mands. European writers, I believe, are unanimous in the opinion, that when the milky substance has passed from that state mio fiour, the sooner the grain is cut the better, as all after this, il permitted to stand, is taking value from the straw, and adding to the berry or kernel, what ? a thick, dark and bitter skin ! thereby render- ing the bread made from such grain dark, clammy, and unsavory to the taste, if not un- healthy to the stomach. From an experience of several years in cut- ting my grain as above recommended, 1 consid- er its value to have been enhanced one quarter part, as the grain is not only more zi'hite and szi-cei, but the straw is likewise of double the value for fodder of that cut late, when the grain is dead ripe. 1 can with confidence assure my friends of the plough, that if they will cut their grain early, (viz. when the kernel is tough and spongy, and feels like India rubber) they will sustain no loss from shrinkage, as grain after it has arrived at this state, can receive no more nourishment from mother-earth ; that the ex- cellence of the straw will doubly compensate them for the trouble of haying it after it is cut; that instead of dark bitter rye, they may have that, which in point of color and sweetness, may vie with the late cut wheat. Plaister of Paris. — Three year? since I used one ton of Plaister of Paris, one barrel of which was sown on mowing on the top of a heavy swell of land, which to appearance had little or no effect, till the present summer, when the land was broken up, and the sward, in true Brighton style, turned bottom up, for a crop of l^iiglish turnips. The weather which followed the sowing was unfavorable for this vcgrfabie, but to my .surprise 1 discovered that, where the plaister had been sown, three years before, the lurnij) plants were vigorous and thrifty ; each side of which the drought had destroyed them almost to a plant ! At this time, (Oct. 1st) the turnips on the fa-corcd spot are the size of a cod'ee cu|) ! Now, Mr. Editor, this same Plaister of Paris, (or capricous Gypsum, or whatever otiier term It may have) has caused the gentlemen of the plough handles more puzzle as it respects it act.ng as an auxiliary to forward vegetation than almost all the rest of our unaccountable put together. A friend of mine. Dr. W***"^ having purchased a large plantation on the Huil son river, N. \. had, he informed me, made u= of many tons of this article, to very great ail vantage, and is of the opinion, that it acts mor by fermentation within the earth, (thereby pre paring food proper for plants in a greater de gree) than by its agency in attracting nitre o an}' other property contained in the atmosphcri My turnips give evidence to such an opinion. The above remarks on Gypsum are not madi so much with a view of their enlightening an' one, as of eliciting observations from more ex perienced heads and abler pens. With the ajio ' logy, that many who can hold a plough to ad miration, make but a bungling job in wieldin: the pen, 1 shall subscribe myself your humb!. servant, A YOUNG FARMER. Of the heart of .Massachusetlc. Oct. 1, 1822. I From the London Fanners' Journal. RECEIPT FOR MAKING GREIN GRAPE WINE. Lezi'isham A'ursery, Oct. 7, 1821. Sir — Having for a number of years been ver fortunate in making British Wines, 1 hcrewill send you a recei])t for making Green Grapi Wines, which is particularly applicable this lat> season, as there are many farmers, and others ii the country, who have large quantities of grape that will not ripen, and ivhich they w ill find, \r making use of them in this way, will turn to ; very good account. Care must be taken to havi the casks, bottles. &c. very sweet and clean, ani 1 ha\e no hesitation in pronouncing this thi finest British wine that can be made. I am, Sir, your obedient servant. JOHN WILLMOTT. To mal:c Champagne from Grapes equal to foreign Gather the Grapes when they are just turning or about half ripe ; pound them in a tub, and ti every quart of berries so pounded, put twi (|uarts of water : let it stand in a mash tub, fb; 1 f days when it is to be drawn off; and to everj gallon of liquor put three pounds of lump sugar when dissolved, cask it, and after working, bun< it down. In about six months it will be fit ti drink, when it should be bottled and tied down or wired, if it is intended to be kept more thai one year. An awful instance of sudden death occurred f few days since near Worthing. A gentleman oi the name of Home, having occasion to paint his house, incautiously remained in it, contrary to the advice of his friends, during the time the men were employed. On the fourth day ho was seized with vomitings, and complained of a gid- diness in the head. A physician was immediate- ly sent for, but before he could arrive, the unfor- tunate man was senseless. Every means which medical skill could devise were tried lor his re- covery, but without effect. He has lef't a wile and two children to lament Lis untimely death. Ibid. ' Important! — His Majesty, says an Edinburgh paper, landed at Leith, on a large piece of ma- hogany, which is intended to be cut up, an«|l made info snuff boxes ! NEW ENGLAND FARiMER. 95 WAlk BOSTOy.—SATURIJ.'lY, OCT. 10, IKi!'-'. We have omitttd giving, iu the present paper, any further notice of the Brighton Cattle Show, becausf we supposed it raijht be more acceptaljle to mnny of our readers to include the official ri/ioi Is ufalllhv lii'.- ferent Committees in the same niimhi r. We could not o-irt them entire in the present number, and therefore have deferred their commencement to our next, ivlueh will include the whole. Ji]isla!:e Corrected. — In our last paper it was stated, (p. KB, col. ], near the bottom) that " Jlr. S. Jaques, of Leicester, received a premium of $50, for a breed of long woolcd sheep, 6 ewes and 1 lamb." It should have been Samuel Jaques, Esq. of Charlestown, who was the owner of the animals. Tlie mistake was copi- ed from the Daily Advertistr. FOPxElGN. London paper? to the 14lh Sept. have been received at New York. Mr. Canning has been appointed Min- ister of Foreign Affairs. The state of Spain lias become more tranquil, and the new ministry is said to be pop- ular. The Greeks are gaining ground of the Turks. One L)f the Turkish I'achas was defeated on the 20th July. The account adds, that threatened by the Divan, he assembled all his reserves, and led them to the theatre 5f his defeat ; but the Greeks again inlc_rcepted him, ind on the first of August he lost as many lives as on ;he iUth of July, and was himself taken prisoner. DOMESTIC. Gale of JVind. — The papers are replete with ac- :ounts of a severe gale experienced in the Southern •tales on the '27th and 28th ult. At Danville and jynchburgli, in N'irginia, it commenced about half past i o'clock in the morning of the 'JJJth. It was very se- 'erelyfelt in the destruction of buildings, orchards, k.c. Fifteen houses on Sullivan's Island, near Charleston, vere blown down. Upwards of one hundred dwelling lO-.is.s in the city of Charleston have been unroofed, nd about one thousand have been rendered pervious the rain, by the loss of tiles or slating. Among th- lUblic builJiugs the City Hall has been considerably tijured. Not t)ne place of public worship escaped, "he theatre was unslated and otherwise injured. — ibout 35 persons lost their lives in Charleston and on 'ullivan's Island. At Georgetown, S. C. we are informed the gale was till more severe than at Charleston. The house of )r. Meyers was swept off by the flood, and his whol ousehold, fit'teen in number, including his wife, three aughters and a son, were drowned. The dwellin^ ouse of Mr. R. F. Witirers, a large new building, and very out building were also destroyed, and fourteen ut of eighteen persons lost their lives. Fifty lives rerc lost at or near Georgetown, The Cattle Sliow and Fair of the Hampshire, Fran- lin and Hampden Agricultural. Socidy will be holden t Northampton on Wednesday and Thursday of next reek. .Address by Joh.v Mills, Esq. of Southwick. 'here will be a Concert of Sacred Music in the even- ig of the first day. The imitation Leghorn Bonnet manufactured in Ver- lont, and which was consiilered superior to any pre- iously made in this country, was sold at Brighton, on lie second day of the Show, for eighty dollars. Two winter squashes were raised in the garden of Jeorge Olney. Psq. this season, of the following dimtn- ons and weight : — First squash, length 39 inches : reatest circumference 34 l-'2 ; smallest do. 27 ; lengl!. f neck 2!1 ; average circumference of neck 29; weight 1 1-4 pounds. — Second squash, greatest circumferenci 1 1-2 inches ; smallest do. 21 ; length 37 ; length n' eck 26 ; average size of neck 26 ; weight 53 1-4 lbs. A encumber was also raised in the same garden, 1" |ich"s long, and 10 in-'hes in circumference at the irgest part. — Providence Gasetlt. Munufiiclprji of IVatlhain. — 'i lie deficiency of rain] during the present season has caused great injury to the profits of a larg'- manufacturing establishment in this vicinity. The fValtham Factor:/, which employs 1 e- tweeu 7 and itOOO spindles, has been deprived of more than hatj' its water power by th(- drought ; and this cir- cumstance lia;^ matirially dimi^Ii^hed tlie dividend of the Stockholders. On 'i ucsday last, the se)iii-aiaiuul dividend was paid, amounting only to 12 1-2 per cent. ; whilst, last season, the profits were 30 per cent, per annum. Imitations of the Waltham Cotton have been sent from }■ ugjand to (liis country, lor sale ; bat the Knglish manufacturer cannot make an equal fabrick at the same price. The imitation is thickened with Hour, to giie it the appearance of firmness. Worcester Canal. — The surveys for the projected Ca- nal, from A\"orcester to this place, have at last been com- pleted in a manner very satisfactory to the Committee. The descent from Worcester to this place is, as we late- ly stated, a few feet more tliau 450. The ground was bored every twelve rods, the wiiole distance. On the route selected, no rock was found, within the depth for excavation, excepting at three places, where it rose aliove the surface. The gentleman employed as En- gineer, in this survey, whose experience and judgment may be fully relied on, estimates the expense of the whole work, including sixty locks, at 5.123,000. He thinks, that locks of six and eight feet each are prefer- able to those of higher lift, as they may be constructed at a smaller proportionable expense. These facts enable us to repeat, v/ith much confi- dence, the opinion which we gave, some time ago, that the stock of the Canal will be more profitable than that of any description of publick debt, bank stock, or even manufacturing establishments. — Frov. Journal. The beautiful river which runs through Ipswich, and which is never dried up by the severest droughts, is destined soon, we understand, to become the busy seat of manufactures, a monied association from the cap- ital having purchased a right upon the stream for that purpose. Ipswich has long been spoken of as a future manufacturing place. — Salem Gas. United Slates Law Journal .^ll was mentioned in the Statesman, a few evenings since, that the second num- ber of this work had made its appearance. We have since had an opportunity of perusing its contents, and do not hesitate to pronounce it a highly interesting and valuable publication. In the compass of 300 compact octavo pages, is presented a body of information on le- gal subjects, and great national questions connected with our Judicial institutions, which cannot be conven- iently derived from other sources, and which cannot fail to commend the work to a numerous class of read- ers, particularly to gentlemen of the bar, legislators and jurists. The second number is in all respects supe- rior to the first ; and if the independence and spirit, the talent and taste, evinced at the outset, shall continue, the Law Journal must soon assume the character of a standard work, and reflect credit upon the jurispru- dence of our country. — A'. Y. Stalcsviart. Sickness in Pennsylvania. — Letters from Philadel- phia give a deplorable picture of the ravages which have been committed this season, in the vicinity of that city, by bilious and intennittent fevers. One physician at Moorstown, N. J. nine miles from Philadelphia, is slated to have 120 patients now under his charge ; and in many families, on the banks of the Delaware and Schuylkill, not a sufficient number of healthy per- sons remain to attend the sick. The Democratic Press notices six deaths in Montgomery township, and re- marks, that it seldom happens in a township of less than a thousand, so many die within a few days of each other ; and it is still less seldom, that six old neighbors hould die, whose united ages should amount to 455. A'. }'. .Spectator. M. Durad, manager of the repository of inventions at '*aris, has invented an instrument of a novel and ele- gant description, which h-' calls cuille-main. and with •■•hicli rosi s and fruit may !'•■ gathered from thorny trees without any injury to the hand ; it is like a pistol. London paper. Minis nfJ\l'orlli Cuiulina. — We continue lo hear of the discovery which has lately been made, of gold and silver mines in Lincoln County, (N. C.) Some incred- ulous persons seem to have attempt* d to turn the mat- ter into ridicule; but the actual exhibition of the pre- cious metal itself, lias silence d them ; and it is now ac- knowlidg'd that a bar of silver, and a lump of gold, as large as a man's thumb, have beoi extracted from part of the ore, which is found in abundance on four or five plantations. .A ridge, more than a quarter of a mile in length, is supposed to be full of this valuable substance. A', y. Spectator. DIED — -At Slough, near Windsor, in England, Aug. 25tli, Sir M iLMA.->i Hf.rschf.ll, aged 86, one of the most celebrated Astronomers of the age. In Bangor, Me. Hon. Lothbop Lkwis, aged 58 — one oi the most eminent Geographers and Mathemati- cians of New England. At his death he was one of the Commissioners of Maine for dividing the Massachusetts anel Maine' Public Lands. U. S. L.WV JOURNAL, No. 2. EDITEH BY SEVEBAI. MKMBERS OF THE BAR. rj^HE 2d No. of the " Law Journal and drilian'.? M- Magazine,'''' is just published by GRAY & HEWIT, New Haven, WM. A. COLL.MAN, New Yolk. ABRAHAM S.MALL, Philadelphia, E. J. CO ALE & Co. Baltimore, S. BARCOCK & Co. Charleston, S. C. MUNROE & FRANCIS, Boston, HENRY WHIPPLE, Salem, Mass, • G. & R. WEBSTER, Albany, W.M. NORMAN, Hudson, and for sale by the several Agents in the different Slates; COA'TEA'TS. .\eimiralty Law — Mariners' W ages. Rand k als. rs. Ship Hercules, Williams vs. Brigantine Juno, tc. Decision of Judge Livingston in the ease of the U. States vs. Jacob Barker. Examination of Cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of N. York^ in the terms of May, August and October, 1821, and January, 1822. Remarks on the Resolution of Mr. Stevenson, of Vir- ginia, for the repeal of the 25th section of the Judicia- ry Act of the United States. Pieview of the case of the Jeune Eugenie, determined in the Circuit Court of the United States, held at Bos- ton, December, 1821. Penal Jurisprudence— Review of a Report made te> the General .Assembly of the State of Louisiana, on the? plan of a Penal Code for said State ; by Edward Liv- ingston. Commission to take Foreign Testimony. Law of Corporations — Opinion of Chancellor Kent and of Juilge Spencer, in the case of the North Rivtr Bank. Law of Corporations — Remarks on the case of the Corporation, styled, " The Trustees of the Roman Catholic Society worshipping at the Church of St. Ma- ry, in the city of Philadelphia ;" by Richard H. Bayard. d:^ A Digest of all the late British and American Reports, which are not included in the present British or American Digests, is preparing for the third Number of this work. (t^ The 2d No. completes 300 pages, or half the first volume. Subscribers are respectfully reminded, I hat the terms of the work are $5 the volume, payable on the receipt of the 2d No. of each ; or $6, if paid at the close of each volume. October 7, 1822. THE FARMER'S ALMANACK. RICHARDSON & LORD, 75 Cornhill. have This Dav published, the old fashioned, genuine FAR- MER'S AL.MANACK, for the year of our Lord, 1823, by Robert B. Thomas, Esq. (^ij" Bo«ksellers and Traders, supplied by the quan- tity, as usual. October 7. WANTED IMMEDIATELY, AN active, intelligent Boy, 15 or 16 years of age, as an Apprentice to the Frinting business. Inquire at the Farmer OlBcc. Oct. 19. 96 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. From the Columbiaa Centinel. IIi'SBAyDM^.\'S HOLIDA Y. A^ain, on the vi'm^ of old time, has come round, The husband nmn^s holiday — cloudless and bright ; Our spirits still buoyant, and bosoms still sound, With smiles let us welcome its pathway of li^lit ; Then liail I to our jubilee, glory and pride, When we by by the Plough — cast the tickle a.'ide, iew England. V\ e hope w have as many thinking aud reading farmers in the Six New fhigland States, not only as any other poriion ( this country, but as any equal portion of the cultivated world can afl'c.rd or furnish. It seems to be absurd, that farmers should subscribe for papers devoted exclusively to questions in whic they have only a remote interest, and should dccUne. giving their aid to one entirely devoted to their instru. tiou, amMsement, and to the record of their improvements, doubts, queries, discoveries and speculations. Tl paper now commenced has every thing to recommend it .as far as we have had an oppoitunity to judge. M Shepard is well known as an editor of a valuaHle paper at Northampton. That he has all the profession skill, and the requisite liberality in the execution of his work, is manifest by the numbers already publishe They are neatly executed on good paper and with a fine tyjie, with great care and accuracy, far above, these respects, (we may say. without otfence, we hope.) any other like publication. His pn sent assislai Thomas G. FESSEKnEN, Esq. is a man of reading and talents, aud has paid great, and for our country. ; most unexampled attention to agricultural subjects. His mind is philosophical, and bis attention is und, tracted by other pursuits. His life has been principally devoted to such subjects. The numbers as yet j;;U| are respectable, as much so as could be expected, beiore the public at large had taken an interest in ti work. We hope that it will succeed, but^ that must wholly depend on the aid which the intelligent Divim Lawyers, Physicians, and practical Farmers in the country will afiord it. That aid must consist not only taking it and paying their subscriptions — that to be sure, is its veces.tart/ food, without which it must starve- but in favoring it by communicating their thoughts, experiments, objeclions to existing practices, or to n( projected improve'uents. It should be remembered, that this is a mere Newspaper, and therefore, that am: who would not wril*- a bonk in his own name, or an article for the Massachusetts Agricultural Repositor need have no scruple ui writing for this. ^ A.'VRON DEXTER, Presidcnl of,.V[assachuselts Jigrkullural Society. S. AV. POMEROV, \sl Vice President. THOMAS L. WINTHROP, -Id I'ice President. JOHN LOWELL, Correspond in'i Secretar;/. , RICHARD Sl'LLIVAN, Ricordins; Secretary. BENJAMIN GUILD, Assistant Recording Secretary. JOHN PRINCE, Treasurer J. WELLES, P. C. BROOKS, E. HERSEY DERBY, easurer. S. a. PERKINS, ) JOSIAH (JUINCY, \ i, GORHA.M PARSONS, ^ Trustees. TheJS'cw Engbnil Farmer is puliFislieil weekly, on Srtturday.s. Each No. contains 8 quar pages, printed ou a sheet of good (jtiality, nith an entire new type. The price is iiS2,50 p annum, in (nlvaitcc, or $3,00 at the close of the year. r - a Eacii volnm(> will comprise 52 nimihers, and the present volume commenced the first halurdij in August. A titlo-page, and a correct and copious index will he given at the end of each yef Persons who will |)rocure seven suhscrihers aud become resjionsihle for the payment, will entitled to a copy gratis, and in the same proportion for a larger nutnber. Congress-slrect, Boston, Oct. 1822. (yJj-Editnrs nf papers with 'jnhom wc exchange, by giving the abnyc an. insertion, will con/er\ favor ic-Ziic/t a-e shall be happy to reciprocate -ji'hcti an opportunity ojfcrs. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Published every Saturday, by THO.MAJ^ W. SIFKl'ARD, Rogers' Buildiii";, Coiisrns-s Sir. . I. lioston ; at ? J.'.O i...r aim. in advaurr-, or $:i,(''tl aL the (lost nf ll\i yi av Vol. I. BOSTON, SATURDAY, OCTOBER 20, 1822. No. 13. CATTLE SHOWS, cVc. OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE CATTLE SHOW AT BRIGHTON, Oct. 9Ui & 10th, 1322. No. L On all the larger Horned Cattle {except Heifers.) The Committee report that the aaimaU in this hranch of live stock, were unusually nu- merous and good, proving, that a gradual and regular improvement is steadily, snd as rapidly as could be expected, taking place. The num- ber of entries (or premiums, in this department alone, amounted to 42, and of individuals (many entries comprising more than one) to 52, while the whole number of premiums offered, and granted, are only 10, so that four fifths of the competitors were necessarily thrown out. — This Is inevitable, unless our funds should be exceedingly increased, or unless we should make our premiums smaller, and more numerous. This might be liable to great objection, by ex- tending rewards to animals of inferior merit, and thus dimmishing the motives to make the breeds as perfect as possible. While the beneficial ef- fects of the liberal premiums offered by the Society, for the importation of the most im- proved breeds of foreign countries, is every year evinced by the crowds which, Irom the be- ginning to the end of our shows, gather round the imported animals, and their improved pro- geny, we ought never to forget the sound ad- vice of the venerable farmer who addressed the Societ}' this year, " that the progress of improve- ment by foreign crosses must be very slow;" and possessing as we unquestionably do, the ma- terials among our own stock of improving our breeds by careful selection, we should follow the example of Bakewell and the other British farmers, who in fifty years have raised the stock of Great Bntam to a state of perfection little short of what it is supposed they can ever reach. And, who at the late show had the pleasure of viewing those fine animals, Denton and Ccelebs, could doubt whether they were superior to any animals of the same description now to be found in New-England? And why is this the case'! Assuredly our pastures are as fine, and the race has not degenerated with us. Wherever a pride is felt in raising fine stock, our success is perfect, and the single town of Sutton might send its team of 120 oxen and challenge Devonshire or any other county of Great Britain, to trials of strength or activity. Let us then, on this occasion, earnestly solicit our farmers to select and propagate only the best individuals of their horned cattle. If they reply, we feel no encouragement to do this be- cause we find the improved crosses always pre- ferred at your shows, we reply that though this is partially true, it is not entirely so, and what would the farmer have us do on such an occa- sion? If, in fact, the full blooded or half blooded descendant of imported slock is superior, shall we refuse to admit it so to be? This would be indeed sacrificing the best interests of our coun- try in relation to this object, as well as violating our solemn pledges, to gratify an improper na- tional prejudice. Our true course is to strive to equal or surpass the foreign races by select- ions and careful management of our native stock. If was upon this principle that our manufactures have been built up on the only solid foundation. Instead ol' complaining that foreign goods were preferred, our citizens have exerted tliemselves to make our own better as well as clicapcr ; and! let Manchester and Yorkshire beware, lest tliey 1 find themselves not only shut out from our inii-- kets, (not by prohibitions but by skill and industry) I but cventuallv rivalled in those of foreign coun- tries. These preliminary remarks are not only intended to allay, or dimmish any feeling of dis- content at our inijiartial preference of the best stock, from whatever country it may have been onsrinally derived, but to encourage our own farmers to take more eflicient measures for tiie amelioration and improvement of our own na- tive breeds. They cannot attend one of our shows, without perceiving the public preference for the new races, and tins is a strong confirma- tion of the justice of the decisions, though we are aware that if is not the least difficult task of the Committee to endeavor to decide without any bias from this clearly pronounced opinion of all the bystanders. We have said, that the imported stock and their progeny have usually been preferred by the visitors at our shows; — we would make one exception, and that is, with respect to milch cows. Although the milch cows of Great Britain and the lietherlands are in general far, infinitely, su- perior to our own, — yet during the six years in which 1 have had this unpleasant duty to per- Ibrm, I have never seen an imported cow ol equal merit (taking the positive evidence of qual- ities, the quantity and quality of milk into viewj with some of our own which have been offered. .So fully am I convinced of this truth, as well as that our country possesses a very considerable number of these fine cows, that I am persuaded, that, if Great Britain or the Netherlands were to send us ten cows each, of the best quality. New-England alone could furnish twenty, which would equal them in the quantities of milk, Inil- ter and cheese, which they would respectively produce. If this should be true, and I have nr doubt of it, we at least possess one of the parent' in perfection, from which an improved race might be procured. This opinion is not expres- sed lightly. We infer its truth fiom an examiii ation of the products of foreign cows, thougiit to be so extraordinary as to merit notice in theii ]ieriodical journals ; and during our short period of exhibitions, we have had several, which have equalled the best, of which any accounts have been published. But we would wish, that ii shoulil be distinctly understood, that we refer only to a small part of our milch cows, and that we fear much the greater number are lamsntr- bly poor. We are well convinced, that somt dairies in our country, with two good cows, pro. duce as much as the average of those which have five. If we are correct, or nearly so, in the opi- nion above expressed, how does it happen thai our breed of cattle on the whole is so inferior? Because the owner of a good cow, instead ol putting a proper value upon her, will generally send her to the nearest scrub bull, to save a little labor, and some trifiing difference of expense. This we all feel and know to be true. But tliis shameful negligence is giving place to more ju- dicious measur"i, owing principally to the effect of the public shows. If every owner of a good, and very superior cow, would consiiler her in a proper light, not merely as a valuable animal during her life, but as capable of improving hi.s whole stock — if he will spare no moderate ex- pense in procuring calves from her, from bulls of an improved breed, we shall soon see our whole stocic gradually improve. Bakewell and Princeps, among the most distinguished raisers of stock in Great Britain, lived to see their im- provements eminently successful. We are fully aware, that all this exhortaticii and argument is of very little importance, compared with the more substantial proofs derived from prices. — When, therefore, our farmers learn, that a call of six months, has been sold at the price of four ordinary cows, of l\\e years old, who have con- sumed twelve tons of h.ay, including pasturage, and have required great labor in attending on them ; when they hear such a fact as this, that an excellent judge offered fifty dollars for a two months calf, of the cow herein after mentioned, owned by the Hon. Mr. Gray, they produce, more conviction than any other soi't of address. Before we announce the premiums, we would express the thanks of the Trustees to those Gen- tlemen, who without claiming any reward, and purely with the view of giving aid to the show, exhibited fine animals at no small expense and trouble. It is probable that as the Committee look no minutes of these animals some of them may be overlooked. One we could not forget — the fine imported bull Denton, belonging to Ste- phen Williams, Esq. of Northborough. He has improved with age, and shows that he has an owner who is sensiide of his great value. Nor could any one overloi k Cadebs, owned by Major Jaques, of Charlestown. If there had not been my other animals on the ground, those who are loud of viewing fine natural productions, would i'eel that a visit to Brighton was well repaid bj' the sight and comparison of these animals, differing considerably to be sure, but each very remarka- le for beauty. There was also a fine imported cow, with her Calf, lately bought by the Hon. .Mr. Gray for jjS200. Such liberal prices will en- ■lure a constant and gradual improvement of our -lock. It is said that this cow is very reriiar- \able for the quantity and quality of her milk — >ve have heard that she had given in England 36 quarts per day, but there was no person to <^ive us any accurate account of her. Capt. Pracy, of the London Packet, added a new ;iroof, to the many he has already given, of his zeal for the promotion of the ."Agriculture of his . ountrv, by exhibiting three young horned ani- mals, just imported by him. Major Jaques also exhibited three fine cows, without asking a premium. After so long a trial of the patience of the Competitors, by these introductory remarks, many of which competitors will, however, be disappointed quite as early as they would wish — Tlie Committee awarded the premium : 08 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. For tb? b( St iat nx, 6 y. ars old, to Oliver Starr, ol' .Dferfidd, wcighin» 23J3 poumls $40 For the next beat do. 6 years old, to Lewis Bar- nard, of Worcester, weight 2256 30 For the next best do. 5 1-2 years old, to Amos Davis, of Groton, weight 1992 20 For the best bull, to .Major ;?. .laques, of Charlts- town — weight 1243 — 15 months old 30 For the next best do. to Joshua Coolidge, of Wa- tertown, bv Ciehbt — weight 735 — 7 months and 4 days old" 20 For the b; st bull calf, to Uriah Manning, of W o- biirn, b< ing the progi ny of C'alrhs 15 For the next best bull calf, the progeny of Den/on, to the Hon. Levi [.Incoln, of \N orci ster For the best milch cow, to lohn Barr, of Salem 30 For the next best do. to Samuel Murden, of Mil- ton 20 For the next best do. to the Hon, John Welles, of Dorchester 15 As to milch roue, one of the most important, as well as most (lilVici)lt articles to decdo ii])on, the Committee proceeded, as they will proli.i- bly hereafter always proceed, solely on evidence as to the actual product. The clearer this evi- dence, the more certain the success. The good- ness of a ni:ieli cow depends on so many cir- cumstances, and all of them so important, that th" Committee are obiio^'ed to extend their in- quiries very far. Form and beauty is ol" some mfm.Hit, hut it is also sometimes fallncitius ; and no que ^vouM reject a lino cow, ivhirh should give an uncommon quantit}' of line niilk — butter superior in (|uantity and quality — continue to give milk every year, till within one week of calvina:, merely because she had a great head, or a large frame, or small teats, or, in short, because she had not any one of the fine jioints described in the " Complete Grazier." In this, as in every thinsr else, we must not alwajs trust wiioily to the exterior. It has been this account. Nor can they recomniond any to be given, without a more satisfactory evidence of the success of the operation and of all tlie advantages specified. Should this be the case, at any future time, it will always be in the power, as they doubt not it will be the inclina- tion of the trustees, to grant a just reward for this, as well as for any other successful improve- ment in the important operations of as:ncultiire^ Mr. Menam also presented several spaved Sows, for the society's premium for animal.* of that description ; but they were not accompa- nied by any statement of the mode of operation and treatment as requij-jd by the rules estab- lished by the Trustees, and besides, the opera- tions were very recent, and apparently, some of them at least, done expressly for the exhibition, and for the purpose of offering for the premium. Now in a case of this nature, when a premium is proposed expressly for the purpose of testing the eiFicac\' of an important, and in this coun- try, in some respects, a new operation, youp commiitee apprehend that no premium ought to be granted, unless by well attested experi- ments, supported by a lapse of time sufficient to leave no que'^tion of the result. Mr. .Tobn Baker had entered also four spayed sow-, belonging to Gorham Parsons, Esq. for Ih? jircniiiim proposed for the same operation. i They were in iine health an